1. Mapping
Chapter 2

2. H.E.1A.2
Develop, use, and refine models to (1) understand or represent phenomena, processes, and relationships, (2) test devices or solutions, or (3) communicate ideas to others.

3. Mapping
Maps are flat models of three- dimensional objects.
The science of mapmaking is called cartography.

4. Latitude Def.: the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
The equator is an imaginary horizontal line located at 0° latitude that circles Earth and separates it into two equal halves
Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator.
The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude.
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Latitude and Longitude

5. Longitude
Def: the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
The prime meridian is an imaginary line that represents 0o longitude.
Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole.
The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian,
the center of Earth, and the line of longitude.
Latitude and Longitude
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6. GPS: Global Positioning System
Using coordinates
Both latitude and longitude are needed to locate precise positions on Earth.
Latitude and Longitude
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7. Time Zones
In most cases, each of Earth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a line of longitude and represents a different hour.
However, there are some exceptions.
Morton County, North Dakota

8. International Date Line
180° meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days.
Traveling west across the International Date Line advances your calendar one day.
Traveling east moves your calendar back one day.

9. Review Essential Questions
What is the difference between latitude and longitude?
Why is it important to give a city’s complete coordinates when describing its location?
Why are there different time zones from one geographic area to the next?
Vocabulary:
Cartography equator latitude longitude prime meridian
International Date Line

10. Projections
A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude.
It clearly indicates direction in straight lines.
It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

11. Projections
A conic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.
It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas.
It is used to make road maps and weather maps

12. Topographic Maps
detailed maps that use contour lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface
A contour line connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map.
The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the contour interval.

13. Topographic Maps continued
Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation.
Depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate the direction of elevation change.

14. Geologic Maps
is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks located below the soil.
may also show geologic features such as fault lines.

15. Map Legend
explains what the symbols on a map represent.

16. Map Scale
is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth

17. Review of Maps Maps Common Uses Distortions Mercator projection
Navigate planes and ships
Land near the poles
Conic Projections
Road and weather maps
Areas at the top and bottom of the map is distorted
Topographic Maps
Show elevation changes on a flat projection
It depends on the type of projection used
Geologic Map
Show types of rocks below the surface present in a given area

18. Review Essential Questions Vocabulary
What are the different types of maps?
Why are different maps used for different purposes?
Vocabulary
Mercator projection
conic projection
gnomonic projection
topographic map
contour line
contour interval
geologic map
map legend
map scale
Types of Maps
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