1. Unit 8 Vocabulary: Cotton, Cattle, Railroads and Closing the Texas Frontier – 1866-1900

2. subsistence farming –
the practice of growing enough crops to provide for one’s family

3. commercial agriculture –
the practice of growing surplus crops to sell for profit

4. vaqueros –
Spanish term for cowboy

5. vaquero
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6. urbanization –
the process of increasing human settlement in cities

7. settlement patterns –
the spatial distribution of where humans inhabit the Earth

8. barbed wire -
wire with clusters of short, sharp spikes set at intervals along it, used to make fences or in warfare as an obstruction

9. barbed wire
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10. ranches -
a large farm, especially in the western US and Canada, where cattle or other animals are bred and raised

11. innovation -
a new idea, device, or method

12. innovation
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13. Technology -
the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry

14. Stampede -
a sudden panicked rush of a number of horses, cattle, or other animals

15. stampede
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16. Textiles -
a type of cloth or woven fabric

17. Windmill -
a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades

18. Irrigation -
the method in which a controlled amount of water is supplied to plants at regular intervals for agriculture

19. irrigation
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20. Treaty -
a formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries