Unit 4 Cell Reproduction

Unit 4 Cell Reproduction
Chapter 10, Pages

Cell Division and Mitosis
Why is cell division important? All living things are made of _______ and many organisms start as just _______ cell Many-celled organisms grow because ______ _______ increases the ________ number of cells in an organism Once ________ stops cell division is still important, it replaces ______ worn out cells with ______ cells One-celled organisms __________ through cell division cells one Cell division total growth old new reproduce

A life cycle of living organisms begins with the organisms ____________, is followed by ________ and development, and finally ends in ________ Cells have their own life cycles The cell cycle is a series of _______ that take place from one cell _________ to the next The time it takes to complete a _______ ______ in not the same in all cells. Some take __________ others take ________ formation growth death events division Cell cycle minutes hours

Interphase ___________- a period of growth and development, where most of the life of any ___________ cell is spent Cells that no longer _________ are always in interphase, an actively dividing cell copies its ___________ material and prepares for cell ________ during interphase Before a cell divides, a copy of the __________ ________ must be made so that each of the two new cells will get a complete ______ Like a director making copies of a _______ for the actors eukaryotic divide hereditary division Hereditary material copy script

nucleus After interphase, cell division begins. The _________ divides, and then the ___________ separates to form two new cells _________-the process in which the __________ divides to from two _________ nuclei The steps of mitosis in order are named ___________, ____________, ___________ and ___________ ______________-a structure in the __________ that contains ___________ material cytoplasm Mitosis nucleus identical prophase metaphase anaphase telophase Chromosome nucleus hereditary

duplicates During ___________ each chromosome ___________ When the ________ is ready to divide, each duplicated chromosome coils tightly into two thickened, identical strands called ____________ interphase nucleus chromatids

prophase chromatids During __________, the pairs of ____________ are fully visible when viewed under a microscope. The ___________ and the _________ membrane disintegrate Two small structures called ___________ move to opposite ends of the cell. Between them threadlike ________ _______ begin to stretch across the cell. ________ cells form spindle fivers during mitosis but do not have centrioles nucleolus nuclear centrioles Spindle fibers plant

metaphase In ___________ the pairs of chromatids line up across the _______ if the cell The ____________ of each pair usually becomes attached to two spindle fibers-one from each ______ of the cell In __________ each centromere ________ and the spindle fibers begin to move to __________ ends of the cell In ___________ spindle fibers start to disappear, the chromosomes start to _______, and a new ________ forms center centromere side anaphase divides opposite telophase uncoil nucleus

cytoplasm For most cells after the nucleus has divided, the ____________ separates and tow new ______ are formed In ________ cells the cell membrane pinches in the ________ and the cytoplasm divides In _______ cells the appearance of a cell ______ tells you that the cytoplasm is being divided. New cell _______ form along the cell plate, and new cell ____________ develop inside the cell walls After the division of cytoplasm, most new cells begin interphase cells animal middle plant plate walls membranes

Two important things to remember about mitosis It is the division of the _________ It ___________ two new nuclei that are _________ to each other and the original ________ Each new nucleus has the same _________ and ______ of chromosomes Human cells have _____ chromosomes, ____ pairs nucleus produces identical nucleus number type 46 23

Returning to our script example, actors do not learn all the same lines, instead the each learn part of the script A cells contain all the _______________ but each uses different parts of the same ____________ material to become different types of cells _____________ is the process by which an organism produces others of its same kind Sexual reproduction usually requires _____ organisms chromosomes hereditary Reproduction two

Asexual reproduction __________ _________-a new organisms (sometimes more than one) is produces from _____ organism The new organism will have hereditary material __________ to the hereditary material of the ________ organism Organisms with ___________ cells asexually reproduce by cell division Potatoes and ___________ plants reproduce asexually one identical parent eukaryotic strawberry

fission Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called ________ Genetic material is ________ and then the cell divides into two _________ organisms _________ is a type of asexual reproduction made possible because of cell _________. When the bud on the _______ becomes large enough it breaks away to live on its own copied identical Budding adult division

Regeneration _____________ is the process that uses cell division to regrow _______ _____ Some organisms if broken into ________, a whole organism will _______ from each piece Body parts pieces grow

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
__________ __________-is when two cells, sometimes called an ______ and a _______, come together _______ are formed in the ______ reproductive organs ______ are formed in the ________ reproductive organs ____________-the joining of an _____ and a _______ _________- cell that forms from ____________ egg sperm sperm male Eggs female Fertilization egg sperm Zygote fertilization

body Your body forms two types of cells- _______ cells and sex cells Body cells far ____________ sex cells _________-cells that have ______ of similar chromosomes. Ex. _______ cells _________-cells that have ______ the number of chromosomes as body cells. They do not have _______. Ex. ______ cells, only have _____ chromosomes outnumber Diploid pairs body Haploid half pairs sex 23

four _________- reproductive cell process that produces ______ haploid sex cells from one ________ cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of ______________ as the parent organism Meiosis ensures that the ___________ will have the same ________ number as its parent diploid chromosomes offspring diploid

Wildcats Share What would happen in sexual reproduction if two diploid cells combined? The offspring would have twice as many chromosomes as its parents and would likely not survive

Fill in the diagram Sperm (Haploid cell) Fertilization Zygote forms (Diploid cell) Mitosis development Egg (Haploid cell) baby

chromosome Before meiosis I each ______________ is duplicated, just as in _________ The events of ____________ are similar to those of ___________ in mitosis Difference: in _________ each duplicated chromosome comes near its similar duplicated _______. This does NOT happen in Mitosis mitosis Prophase I prophase meiosis mate

Metaphase I duplicated In _____________ , the pairs of _____________ chromosomes line up in the _________ of the cell The ______________ of each chromatid pair becomes attached to one spindle fiber, so the chromatids to not ___________ in the next step In ____________ the two pairs of chromatids of each ________ pair move away from each other to __________ ends of the cell Each duplicated chromosome still has two ______________ center centromere separate Anaphase I similar opposite chromatids

Telophase I cytoplasm In ____________ the ___________ divides and two new cells form Each new cell has one duplicated ______________ from each similar pair chromosome

Meiosis II The two cells formed during meiosis I now begin __________ The ___________ of each ___________ chromosome will be separated during this division In ___________, the duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers __________ in each new cell In _____________ the duplicated chromosomes move to the ________ of the cell Difference: In metaphase II each ___________ attaches to _____ instead of one, like in metaphase I chromatids duplicated Prophase II reappear Metaphase II center centromere two

Anaphase II centromere In _____________ the ____________ divides and the chromatids __________ and move to opposite ends of the cell Each chromatid is now an individual ________________ As ____________ begins the spindle fibers ___________ and a __________ __________ forms around the chromosomes at each end of he cell The ____________ divides when meiosis II is finished The two divisions of the _________ during meiosis results in four sex cells, each a haploid separate chromosome Telophase II disappear Nuclear membrane cytoplasm nucleus

plants Mistakes during meiosis are common in _________ but less common in _________ These mistakes produce sex cells with too _______ or too ______ chromosomes Most ________ produced from these sex cells die If the zygote lives every cell in the organism that grows from that zygote usually will have the ________ number of chromosomes and these organisms will not ________ normally animals many few zygotes wrong grow

DNA DNA genetic ______ (deoxyribonucleic acid)-the _________ material of all organisms Made up of ______ twisted strands of sugar phosphate molecules and __________ bases Contains information for an organisms _________ and _______________ two nitrogen growth development

DNA History of DNA Since the mid-________ scientists have known cells contain molecules called_________ acids By _______ scientists had learned what ______ was made of but didn’t understand how the _______ were arranged In _______, Rosalind Franklin discovered using an ______ technic that DNA is two chains of molecules in a _______ form In _______, James Watson and Francis Crick made a model of DNA, it looked like a ________ _______ 1800’s nucleic 1950 DNA parts 1952 X-ray spiral 1953 Twisted ladder

DNA Each side of the DNA ladder is made up of _________________ groups
Sugar-phosphate Each side of the DNA ladder is made up of _________________ groups The _______ of the ladder are made up of four different kinds of _________ bases The bases are called _________, __________, _________, and __________. They are represented by the letters A, G, T, and C. These bases pair up on each rung of the ladder. Adenine always bonds with __________, and guanine always bonds with _________ rungs nitrogen adenine guanine thymine cytosine thymine cytosine

DNA When DNA is duplicated the two sides of DNA ________ and separate
unwind When DNA is duplicated the two sides of DNA ________ and separate Each side then becomes a ________ on which a new side forms Most of your _______________ depend on the kids of __________ your cells make. DNA controls what proteins get made _______- section of DNA on a _____________, which contains the instructions for making a specific protein pattern characteristics proteins Gene chromosome

DNA Proteins are made of _________ acids
amino Proteins are made of _________ acids The _______ determines the _______ of the amino acids Changing the ________ of amino acids makes a different _________ What might occur if an important protein couldn’t be made or if the wrong protein was made in your cells? gene order order protein

DNA nucleus Genes are found in the _________ but proteins are made on ribosomes in the ___________ ______ (ribonucleic acid)-a type of ________ acid that carries codes for making __________ from the nucleus to the ___________ RNA is like a ladder with all its rungs ________ in half RNA contains the base ________ (U) instead of thymine cytoplasm RNA nucleic proteins ribosomes sawed uracil

DNA Not all cells use make the same _________
proteins Not all cells use make the same _________ In organisms, like you, each cell uses only some of the __________ of genes that it has to make __________ that it needs Cells control ________ by turning some off and some on If the __________ proteins are produced the organism cannot function normally thousands proteins genes incorrect

DNA Sometimes __________ happen when DNA is being copied
mistakes Sometimes __________ happen when DNA is being copied ___________-any ___________ change in he DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome. Can be ___________ or harmful _________ factors can cause mutations Mutations add _________ to a species when the organism ____________ Mutations permanent beneficial Outside variety reproduces

Unit 4 Cell Reproduction

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