1. Identifying Acids and BasespH
Formula
Name
Characteristics
Reaction to other substances

2. Identifying Acids, Bases and Salts
2. By their formula:
Compound Ions Type
HX H+  X- acid
YOH Y+  OH- base
YX Y+  X- salt

3. Identifying Acids
Most acids begin with an H: HCl HClO3 H3BO3 HNO3 H2SO4 HN Exceptions: water H20 and acids containing carbon: CH3COOH
An acid is a solution where there are more H + than OH ions.
You can often see this in the name –-- HCl (aq) which is hydrochloric acid.

4. Identifying Acids
Acids behave like acids only when dissolved in water.
It is only in solution where they dissociate and give up their protons (H+).
Therefore, acids are often written with subscript (aq) = aqueous solution
eg HCl (aq)

5. Binary Acids Binary Acids Hydrogen is bonded to a second non-metal:
HCl, HF, HBr, HI, H2S

6. Naming Acids Acids must be in solution.
The formula HF does not indicate state of matter:
solid compound: hydrogen fluoride
in solution: hydrofluoric acid.

7. Naming Acids If in aqueous form, use: Hydro……….ic acid
eg. HCl Hydrochloric acid
If no state is given, use:
Hydrogen…..….-ide
eg. HCl Hydrogen chloride

8. Naming Binary Acids Name the acid HI (Hydrogen Iodide):
Start with hydro-
Take anion root -iod
add -ic
Add to end acid
Hydroiodic acid

9. Naming Binary Acids Start with Hydro- Add anion root Sulfur- Add -ic
Name H2S (hydrogen sulfide) as an acid in solution:
Start with Hydro-
Add anion root Sulfur-
Add -ic
Add Acid
Hydrosulfuric Acid

10. Naming Acids with Oxygen (polyatomic ions)
Do not add hydrogen to these names
Naming depends the anion (-ate, -ite, per-)
If ion ends in "-ate“, add “ic”
Eg. NO3 is called nitrate,
So HNO3 (hydrogen nitrate) will be nitric acid
Eg: hydrogen perchlorate ……HClO4 (aq) will be perchloric acid

11. Naming Acids
Example SO4 2- Sulfate H2SO4 Hydrogen sulfate or H2SO4 (aq) Sulfuric acid

12. Naming Acids CH3COO- acetate ion CH3COOH hydrogen acetate
CH3COOH (aq) acetic acid
BrO3- bromate
HBrO3 hydrogen bromate
HBrO3 (aq) bromic acid

13. Naming Acids: Polyatomic with Oxygen
Polyatomic ion ending in “–ite”,
The acid will end in "-ous."
Example: ClO2- anion is chlorite,
HClO2 is called chlorous acid

14. Naming Acids SO3 2- Sulfite ion H2SO3 hydrogen sulfite
H2SO3 (aq) sulfurous acid

15. Naming Acids: Polyatomic with Oxygen
Example, the perchlorate ion is ClO4-,
HClO4 (aq) is called perchloric acid.

16. Naming Acids Summary Binary Acids: hydro……ic acid
Containing Polyatomic ion with Oxygen:
Anion Acid
Ends with –ate ……………ic acid
Ends with –ite ………..…ous acid
Starts with per- per…………ic acid
Starts with hypo- hypo……..ous acid

17. Common Acids Hydrochloric acid – stomach acid (HCl)
Muriatic acid – pool disinfectant (also HCl)
Acetic acid - vinegar , CH₃COOH
Citric acid – lemon juice, C₆H₈O₇
Lactic acid - fermented milk CH₃CHCO₂H
Ascorbic acid – vitamin C, C6H8O6
sufuric acid – battery acid, H2SO4
Nitro-hydrochloric acid -Aqua regia

18. Bases Bases can be identified by their chemical formula:
The chemical formula of a base usually ends with
hydroxide ion (-OH).
Bases usually start with a metal or NH4 +
See page 227

19. Bases
Bases, like acids, behave like bases only when dissolved in water.
Therefore, bases are often written with subscript (aq) = aqueous = in solution

20. Naming Bases- Strong
Most strong bases contain hydroxide (OH), a polyatomic ion.
Therefore, the naming strong bases follows same rules for naming ionic compounds:
anion + cation
NaOH is sodium hydroxide,
KOH is potassium hydroxide,
Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide.

21. Naming Bases-Weak
Weak bases made of ionic compounds are also named using the ionic naming system.
NH4OH is ammonium hydroxide.

22. Common Household Bases
NaOH(aq) draino, caustic soda, lye, soap
NaClO (aq) sodium hypochlorite-bleach
Mg(OH)2(aq) antacid
Ca (OH)2(aq) slaked lime
NH4OH(aq) ammonium hydroxide, cleaning products
Na2CO sodium carbonate (washing soda)
NaHCO sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
See page 227

23. Fun Facts about Bases Sodium hydroxide is used to make soap.
Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove ink from clothes and remove grease from windows.
Bases are molecules which attract hydrogen ions from acidic molecules.
All alkalies (basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal) are bases, but not all bases are alkalies.
Baking soda can be used to fight fires by obstructing the flow of oxygen.

24. Properties of Acids and Bases
See page 229
Take the Section 5.1 Quiz