1. Bring some bullet points even on A4 page
Homework
Research;
about some later examples of caliphs and how the caliphate expressed in practice. Umayyad and Abbasid caliphate.
Bring some bullet points even on A4 page

2. Write a sentence that is the best introduction of the key people of Islamic history.
Muhammad…
Abu Bakr….
Umar………
Uthman…..
Ali…………..
Mu’awiya…
Hassan…..
Hussain….
Yazid……..

3. Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
Some later examples how the caliphate expressed during Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties
How did Islam evolve after Muhammad’s death?
What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty?
What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty?
What led to the end of the caliphate’s unity?

6. Umayyad
Abbasid

7. The Umayyad Caliphate 661-750
Hereditary; Mu’awiya appointed his son
711CE; the conquest of North Africa and Spain completed
722CE; the Battles of Tours (or) Poitiers prevented France from coming under Muslim rule
712CE; East, Pakistan was reached and Western China by 750CE
The Arab character of Islam changed millions of non-Arab converts, bringing Greek and Persian ideas into religion
The Umayyad were slow to realise the importance of equal rights to Non-Arab Muslims………..they joined the Shi’a revolt…………Umayyad overthrown at the Battle of ZAB.
Charles Martel

8. Origin
( CE) Umayyad clan starts as a foe to Muhammad. They are defeated at Makkah by Muhammad’s forces but are embraced by Muhammad and become a powerful Muslim clan that will lead the faith after Muhammad.
After the first three caliphs, The followers of Ali will split away from the faith and form the Shiites (who think caliphs should be related to Muhammad) and the Umayyad will lead the remaining vast majority of Muslims (the Sunnis) who believe the caliphs should be chosen from among all Muslims.
Umayyad will conquer much of North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and parts of Western Europe (Spain) very rapidly. They will be halted from taking more of Western Europe at the Battle of Tours in France in 732CE.

9. Political In the beginning…
The Banu Umayya clan was named after Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf's adopted son Umayya ibn Abd Shams. Bani Umayyah had been enemies of the Bani Hashim since the time when Hashim banished his half-brother, Umayya ibn Abd Shams, from Makkah.
Then… a conjoined twins birth
Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf (Islamic prophet Muhammad's paternal great- grandfather) and 'Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf were conjoined twins born with Hashim's leg attached to Abd Shams' head. It was said that they had struggled in the womb seeking to be firstborn.
Their birth was remembered for Hashim being born with one of his toes pressed into the younger twin brother, Abd Shams's, forehead.

10. The legend means…….
Legend says that their father, 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flown between them signified wars between their confrontations did occur between Abbasid Caliphate and Umayyad Caliphate in the year 750 AH.

11. The Clash
The enmity and opposition between Bani Umayya and Bani Hashim began before the struggle for ruler-ship and authority had occurred between them and before Islam had gained predominance.
The reasons for this included; - tribal party spirit, - superiority complex, - old grudge, - desire for vengeance of the murder of kinsmen, - political views, - personal sentiments, - difference in ways of life and manner of thinking.
Bani Umayya and Bani Hashim were the chiefs of Makkah and held high offices even during the age of ignorance. The chiefdom of Bani Hashim was spiritual, whereas that enjoyed by Bani Umayya was political and they were also tradesmen and possessed enormous wealth.

12. Economic KEY SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY OF THE UMAYYAD
Agriculture drainage systems, research to get the best seed.
Commercial Cordova's economic and international trade. Andalusia - for ceramic / decorations of silver and gold, leather or fur processing, weapons.
OTHER SOURCE INCOME OF THE UMAYYAD
Treasury (Baitulamal) the financial system - the balance of income and expenditure
Kharaj - tax land
Jizyah - tax shelter
Zakat – charity
Ushur - tax one-tenth of agricultural produce
Ghanimah - the spoils of war

13. Social
Teaching of Islam under Prophet Muhammad; asserted family and the equality of a women.
Women had some freedoms, advantages and higher status.
Divided into three main classes :
1. Muslim Arabs - Top society ; duty to rule the conquered areas – Did
not held themselves in higher esteem than Muslim non- Arabs
2. Muslim non-Arabs - Clients of Muslim Arabs - Many of the Muslim
population were consists of non-Arabs
3. Non-Muslim free person- Included Christian, Jews, Zoroastrians, and
Pagan Berbers ; Dhimmis - Were given a legally protected status as a
second-class citizens; had to pay Jizyah

14. Decline
The Umayyad Caliphate ended when the Abbasid family usurped power in AD 750.
In the 8th century, a succession of relatively weak caliphs threatened the Umayyad dynasty.
The Abbasids moved into an open revolt in AD 746.
The last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II defeated.
The first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas, became caliph in 750 and moved the capital to Baghdad.

15. Abbasid Caliphate

16. The Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258
Important as French and Russian revolutions in the history of the West
The flowering of Muslim culture; with poets al Mutanabbi, philosophers as al’Farabi, the theologian as al’Ashari and scientist and doctor of Avicenia….Algebra, trigonometry, chemistry and scientific methods of navigation were discovered as was the number system based on zero now used through out the world
Abbasid never gained control of Spain, remained with Umayyad
Egypt and North Africa; an independent Shi’a Caliphate of the Fatimids
1050CE Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad easily, but Abbasid remained ruler actually dynasty ended……SO…….
1099CE; European crusaders set up the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem before being defeated by Kurdish Sultan Salahudin, in 1087CE.

17. Origin
( CE)Umayyad troops, garrisoned on the frontier for years at a time, were becoming increasingly disgusted with the lavish lifestyle of the Umayyad caliphs.
This led to more and more revolts. Abu-al-Abbas led a successful revolt starting around Merv (Marw in Arabic), on the frontier in Northern Iran (former Sassanian Empire) after he, a Sunni, allied himself with many of the Shiites in the northeast of the empire.
After gaining power by killing many Umayyad family members (the survivors will flee to Spain) he betrays and persecutes his Shiite allies (since their core belief is a bloodline descent from Muhammad being required for all caliphs).

18. Political The dynasty named after Abu al-'Abbas‘
Transformed to multinational Muslim empire.
The capital of the empire removed from Syria to Iraq (Baghdad) surrounded by round walls, near the site of the Sassanid village of city of Baghdad.

19. Political
al-Mansur(the second caliph) continued the reorganization of the administration of the empire.
Most of the Abbasid administrations was selected from well-educated Persian civil servants, many of whom came from families that had traditionally served the Sassanid kings. The important office of wazir, chief counsellor, may well have developed from Sassanid models.
Development of the Umayyad postal system into an efficient intelligence service (postmasters in outlying provinces were the eyes and ears of the government).
The developments in trade, indeed, are among the achievements of the. Baghdad became a vast emporium of trade linking Asia and the Mediterranean.

20. Political In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army(Mamluks).
This force, created in the reign of al-Ma'mun (813–42 to prevent the further disintegration of the empire and provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems.
Creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule.
The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was Al-Mustansir and continued to maintain the presence of authority, but it was confined to religious matters.
The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of Al-Mutawakkil III

21. Economic
Second Abbasid Khalifah Khalifah Abu Bakar Jafar Al- Mansur Capital of the Islamic Empire Damascus in Syria Baghdad in Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia- The richest province in the empire in tax and agricultural products.
Baghdad was between the Tigris and Euphrates River. So it became the centre of trade, learning and government.

22. Economic
Baghdad's economy relied on taxes, and wealth generated by trade and manufacturing.
The empire was rich in gold, silver, copper, and iron and used them in trade.
Farmers grew dates, rice, and other grains.
In addition, the Abbasids introduced new breeds of livestock.
They also spread cotton.

23. Economic
Traders from Scandinavia to Africa came to Baghdad for the products of its industries too.
Leather goods, textiles, paper, metalwork, and perfumes were sold in the city.
The Abbasids developed something very similar to the banking system.
They did not have bank buildings but business people invested in long distance trade and goods were bought on credit.
They also had a postal system. Muslim rule unified the eastern world. They introduced a uniform coinage system that made commerce easier.

24. Social Caliph and his household Slaves
Professionals, traders, teachers, merchants, doctors
and landlords
Caliph and his household
Slaves
Dhimmis (protected people)

25. Social
The dominant religion in the Abbasid Caliphate was Islam but they accepted and respected other religions
The connection between the social phase are really important because they choose their leader.
Caliph and his households Professionals, traders, merchants, teachers, doctors and landlords dhimmis (protected people) slaves

26. Decline Causes Rift with the Shia
Abbasids found themselves at odds with the Shia Muslims, most of whom had supported their war against the Umayyad, since the Abbasids and the Shias claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammad. Once in power, the Abbasids embraced Sunni Islam and disavowed any support for Shi'a beliefs.
Shortly thereafter;
Berber Kharijites set up an independent state in North Africa in 801.
Within 50 years the Idrisids in the Maghreb and Aghlabids of Ifriqiya
and a little later the Tulunids and Ikshidids of Misr were effectively
independent in Africa.

27. Decline Conflict of Army Generals
The Abbasid authority began to deteriorate during the reign of al-Radi when their Turkish Army generals, who already had de facto independence, stopped paying the Caliphate. Even provinces close to Baghdad began to seek local dynastic rule.
Also, the Abbasids found themselves to often be at conflict with the Umayyads in Spain.

28. Seljuk Turks and Others
There were many non-Arabs among peoples of the caliphate, including Turks
1055CE, Turkish Seljuks rose to power and took control of Baghdad
Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph
War Against Byzantine Empire
Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids and went to war against Byzantine Empire – defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert
Seljuks would go on to create their own empire
Mamluks and Mongols
1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt and Syria
1258CE, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished
Islam was still a vital force and spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia

30. 1. What are three factors that lead to the end of Umayyad rule?
2. How are the Umayyad and Abbasid empires similar/different?
3. How do the Umayyad Dynasties relate to Geography?
4. Explain three ways that religions (Islam, Christianity) impacted history?

31. Some later examples of caliphs and of how the caliphate was expressed in practice.
Abd al Malik ( CE)
Able to reassert the Umayyad rule
Last 12 years peaceful , prosperous, not an absolute monarch
Upheld the solidarity of Ummah against local Arabs, brought rebels to heel, determined the centralisation policy
Arabic replaced Persian as the official language
Al’Walid; Abd al Malik’s son, Charles Martel defeated Muslim troops at Poitiers in
732CE, wasn’t regarded as disaster by Muslims.
Umar II CE; Umar had to pay for the disastrous attempt to conquer Constantinople, not only failed but led to heavy loss of manpower and equipment.
Dhimmis were encouraged to convert, they used to pay poll tax which resulted in a loss of revenue
Tried to follow the Rightly Guided Caliphs

32. Some later examples of caliphs and of how the caliphate was expressed in practice.
The Abbasid were determine to make the caliphate an absolute monarchy
Abbas al Saffah ; massacred al the Umayyads he could lay his hands upon.
Abu Jafar al Mansur ; murdered all the Shi’a leaders whom he considered a danger to his rule
The title of al Mansur indicated the ‘God’s special help’ to achieve victory……… his son styled himself al Mahdi ; ‘the Guided One’
They moved their capital Damascus to Iraq, settling first in Kufah then in Baghdad. Their empire was egalitarian
Harun Rashid ; old style absolute monarch, courtiers kissed the ground coming into his presence
Abbasid developed fiqh to regulate the population, four law schools were established; Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali
Al Mamun ; civil war with Shi’a rebellion in Kufah and Basra

33. Complete the timeline, adding more events
632 CE
644 CE
657 CE
661 CE
680 CE
634 CE
656 CE
660 CE
669 CE