1. V. GENETIC TECHNOLOGY Genetically Modified Organisms
Transgenic Organism: a genetic change in each of its cells, after the addition of a gene from a different species
Transgenic pig with gene from E.coli – manure with 75% less phosphorus than normal pig excrement
Biotechnology: use or alteration or biological molecules for specific applications
Genetic Engineering/Genetic Modification: refer broadly to any biotechnology that manipulates genetic material
Recombinant DNA Technology: 1st of the modern biotechnologies; adds genes from 1 type organism to another

2. Constructing Recombinant DNA Molecules
Restriction enzymes cut donor and recipient DNA
DNA to carry the donor DNA (cloning vectors)
Recipient cells (bacteria)

3. Cloning Vector: carries DNA from the cells of 1 species into the cells of another
Plasmid: a small circle of double-stranded DNA; occurs naturally in bacteria, yeasts, plant cells
Bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria
Genomic Library: a collection of recombinant bacteria that contains pieces of a genome

4. Inserting DNA into Animal Cells
Chemicals: Polyethylene glycol and calcium phosphate used to open holes in cell membranes, admitting DNA
Liposomes: fatty bubbles that carry DNA into cell as cell membrane envelopes them
Electroporation: brief jolt of electricity opens holes in cell membrane
Microinjection: DNA injected into cells using microscopic needles
Particle Bombardment: Gunlike device shoots metal particles (gold, tungsten) coated with foreign DNA at cell membrane

5. Applications of DNA Technology
Mass produce protein-based drugs (insulin)
Textiles: creation of a new source of indigo (using E. coli)
Paper and Wood Products: technology to prevent trees from insect attack
Food: added nutritional value; extended shelf life; improved flavor
Bioremediation: Plants or bacteria with the ability to detoxify certain pollutants are released or grown in a particular area to clean the environment
1989 Oil Spill in Alaska’s Prince William Sound (Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer distributed along shore caused increase in native population of bacteria that consumed organic toxins in the oil)

6. Gene Targeting More precise method of genetic modification
Uses homologous recombination: DNA sequence displaces a similar or identical sequence in a host chromosome
Done on ES (embryonic stem) cells

7. Antisense Technology Selectively blocks expression of genes
Inserts a DNA sequence in reverse orientation
Limitations: must be given intravenously; do not enter cells; unpredictable results
Drug used to treat eye infections (AIDS)
Clinical Trials: Drugs for diabetes, Crohn Disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis