1. Chapter 13 Section 1
Middle Ages in Europe

2. Vocab Section
Middle Ages: (~500 to ~1500) Period after fall of Western Roman Empire, while SW Asia and China had great empires, Europe was split.
Charlemagne: Ruler of the Franks, re-established an Empire in Western Europe - For a brief period.
Secular: NON-religious. The ordinary world

3. Changes: Repeated invasions by Germanic Tribes, lead to:
Middle Ages:
Changes: Repeated invasions by Germanic Tribes, lead to:
Disruption of Trade (what will that mean?___)
Abandonment of cities: cities were targets for invaders so people left them.
Learning Declines: invaders could not read – so they burned the books.
As Germanic people mixed with Romans – Latin changes. By 800 Latin has evolved into French, Spanish, Portuguese….
Church provides stability, order, maintains learning

4. Germanic Kingdoms: ~400 to ~600 small kingdoms replace Roman Provinces
Germanic Kingdoms: ~400 to ~600 small kingdoms replace Roman Provinces. Personal Relationship were more important than law. People did not respect authority from people they had never meet (Church Hierarchy was an exception).

5. Who’s power is increasing and how?
The Franks: In the former Roman Province of Gaul, the Franks were lead by Clovis.
Clovis’ wife is a nag!
Clovis’ Wife urged him to Convert to her faith. On the eve of a major battle, Clovis asked the Christian God for help, when he won, he and 3,000 of his soldiers converted. The Pope welcomed the conversion and Clovis’ wars against the Germanic Tribes. This was the Beginning of a union between the Church and the Frankish Kingdom.
Who’s power is increasing and how?

6. European Empires: After Rome – there were many small kingdoms in Europe. The most powerful was Clovis’ Frankish.

7. Christianity’s Spread: Frankish rulers often required subjects to convert to Christianity. Missionaries also spread the faith.
In Southern Europe there was fear of a Muslim Invasion, for this reason many people converted to Christianity.
(How would converting make them safe from invaders?____)
(How could Muslims attack Southern Europe?____)

8. Monasteries & Convents: To adopt to rural conditions, the church built monasteries. Monks and nuns gave up all worldly processions to follow a religious life. These become places of education. In monasteries some of Rome’s learning was saved

9. Hey they were all Christians right?
Pope Gregory I: Gregory the Great became pope in 590. He widened the powers of Pope to SECULAR politics. He:
Raised armies repaired roads
negotiated peace deals
Believed that the Pope controlled all the territory from Italy to England from Spain to Western Germany.
Hey they were all Christians right?

10. So what’s in a name? Major Domo (mayor of the palace)
he was in charge of the armies and making policies
Charles Martel (a.k.a. Charles the Hammer) was the Major Domo in 719
Defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours (732)
made a Christian hero
Passed his power/authority to his son Pepin-the-Short
Pepin-the-Short:
Wanted to be king
Fought (for the Pope) against those who were invading Italy
For this service, the pope anointed him “King by the Grace of God”

11. Charlemagne’s Power INCREASES Pope’s Power INCREASES
Charlemagne: Built the 1st Great Empire since Rome. Thru this conquest he expanded Christianity. By 800 his empire included: Italy, France, Parts of Spain, & Germany. When Charlemagne (a.k.a. Charles) put down a rebellion for the Pope; the Pope thanked Charlemagne by making him “Roman Emperor.” This is the 1st time a Pope claimed the authority to crown an emperor. Why is this important?
Charlemagne’s Power INCREASES
Pope’s Power INCREASES

12. Under Charlemagne the Western Roman Empire was reunited!!
Charlemagne was a good ruler. He united Germanic military power, the Church, and the Heritage of Rome. He often visited all parts of his empire, rewarding loyalty, judging cases, settling disputes.
Under Charlemagne the Western Roman Empire was reunited!!
But it doesn’t last

13. Charlemagne’s greatest accomplishments were education, although Charlemagne could read, but not write, he created many schools, and surrounded himself with educated advisors.
Charlemagne’s son is a poor ruler. His grandsons split the Kingdom into 3.

14. The Church Wields POWER
Chapter 13 Section 4
The Church Wields POWER

15. Go over Vassal - Lord Relationship

17. What is needed that’s not on the Manor?

18. Vocab Section Clergy: Religious officials
Sacraments: Important religious ceremonies
Canon Law: Law of the Church
Holy Roman Empire (H.R.E.) Strongest remainder of Charlemagne’s Empire
Lay Investiture: Appointment of Bishops by Kings
Excommunicate: To be kicked out of the Church (Cut off from God’s grace).
Interdiction: No sacraments performed on punished manor.

19. Scope of Authority: The crowning of Charlemagne, by the Pope, brought the Church into secular affairs. This would cause conflicts with Kings ~1100. Pope Gelasius I thought Kings should control political affairs; Popes religious ones. (this is caused the 2 sword theory).
What is an example of a purely political matter? ________
What is an example of a purely religious matter? ________
IS THERE A PROBLEM?_____________
You Bet there is!

20. Looks just like the SECULAR Hierarchy doesn’t it?
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests
Laity
Structure of the Church: The Church is Hierarchical. (Just like _________)
The Pope is at the top, then Bishops (who interpret teachings and practices), The priests (who administer common sacraments and deal, most closely, with worshipers).
Looks just like the SECULAR Hierarchy doesn’t it?

21. Worshipers all follow same path to salvation (Heaven/End of suffering)
Worshipers all follow same path to salvation (Heaven/End of suffering). To reach heaven, one must participate in certain sacraments.
Canon Law was to be followed by all Christians (even kings) courts tried offenders. Violators could be EXCOMMUNICATED (thrown out of the Church).

22. If a king was excommunicated his VASSALS were freed of their obligations. A disobedient King might also face interdiction – preventing sacraments inside his land. What might this cause?_______
HOW EFFECTIVE WAS THIS THREAT?____

23. - There’s tension between Italian & German power centers
Holy Roman Empire (HRE): The most successful ruler was Otto I crowned King in 936. He allied himself with the Church and aided the Pope and invaded Italy. In return the pope crowned him Emperor in 962. This German/Italian State became the HRE. However, the Italian Princes resented the German rulers and the Pope became fearful of the German Emperor.
What’s the Big Idea?
- There’s tension between Italian & German power centers

24. So What, What’s the big deal?
HRE Clashes with Pope: In 1075 Gregory VII banned Lay Investiture. The young German emperor Henry IV was furious. He sent a letter to the Pope calling him “Not Pope, but a false monk.”
Oh, No you di’n’t!
In response the Pope Excommunicated Henry.
So What, What’s the big deal?

25. Henry’s allies abandoned him and Henry was forced to seek humiliating forgiveness.
When the Pope reinstated him, Henry rushed to punish those who betrayed him.
What’s on his feet?

26. Mr. Christian can you tie this to World War I?
Compromise of Concordat of Worms: This agreement allowed church to appoint bishops, but kings could veto.
Renewed conflict under Fredrick I: 1152 the 7 princes who elect the king pick Fredrick, who is a strong leader able to stop the infighting.
Like Otto I, Fredrick invaded the wealthy Italian cities. This angers the Italians and the Pope. Soon the Lombard League is formed against Fredrick. In the Battle of Legnano Fredrick suffers a defeat and is forced to make peace.
German States: The systems of electing a king kept kings in HRE weak. Also the infighting and wars with Italy prevented new conquests. France and England by comparison established powerful centralized kingdoms.
Long Term Effect: “Germany” will not unify until the 1800s - this is why.
Mr. Christian can you tie this to World War I?