2. Explanation
The previous picture “moves” because of tiny muscular movements of your eyes.

3. Look at the path

4. Uneven or not

5. Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

6. What do you see?

7. Figure Ground Relationship
Our first perceptual decision is what is the image is the figure and what is the background?

8. Figure-ground principle: states that we organize our perceptions into figure (focus or appearance of solidity) and background (not clearly shaped or patterned) Way for our brains to organize information

9. Figure-Ground Relationship
The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

11. Camouflage works due to our inability to distinguish figure from ground

12. Reversible figures: you can
reverse the figure and the ground

13. What do you see?

15. Gestalt Psychology Gestalt means “an organized whole”
Psychologists who emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Brain perceives images as groups not isolated elements- Innate and inevitable. Allows our brains to make sense of the chaos of the world Several factors influences how we will group objects

21. Similarity
Proximity
Closure

22. Gestalt and attention- (Top-Down Processing)
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in what oredr the ltteers in a word are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is that the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can still raed it wouthit porbelm. This is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe.

23. What do you see?

24. Visual Capture
The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

25. Depth Perception
The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional.
Allows us to judge distance.

26. Depth Cues Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment.
Finding: depth perception is innate (to some degree)
We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories:
Monocular Cues
Binocular Cues

27. Visual Cliff: No children were hurt during the filming of this video

28. How do we transform two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional perception?
Binocular Cues: depth cues that depend on two eyes. Alter our perception
Monocular Cues: depth cues that depend on one eye. They alter or influence our perceptions. What you see!

29. Binocular Cues
Retinal Disparity: a binocular cue for seeing depth. Because we have 2 eyes that see and both see the world slightly different . The brain compares these 2 images the difference is Retinal disparity ( 3 D movies)
The closer an object comes to you the greater the disparity is between the two images.
Pen together two eyes- try with one

30. Which is greater height or width?
Horizontal- vertical illusion

31. Monocular Cues
You really only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth).
Linear Perspective
Interposition
Relative size
Texture gradient
Shadowing

32. Clues
Many of our depth clues depends on previous knowledge. If we do not know how large an object is, then the relative size becomes meaningless
Top Down Processing becomes useful in this case in allowing us to accurately understand the world

34. Which balloon is closer?

35. Relative clarity: things in the distance are fuzzier (like texture gradient)

36. Identify: Interposition, Relative Size, Visual Acuity, Linear Perspective, Texture Gradient

37. Phi Phenomenon
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

38. More Phi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfcNoMnKjrY

39. Constancy- images change moment to moment due to light, angle etc
Constancy- images change moment to moment due to light, angle etc. Ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes is called constancy
Size constancy
Space constancy
Color constancy

40. Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images changes.
Shape constancy

41. Which circle looks bigger
in the middle?

45. An illusion

46. Both center patches are the same shade of gray
True or False?
Both center patches are the same shade of gray

48. True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background

49. True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background

50. Perceptual Interpretation

51. Perceptual Adaptation
The ability to adapt to new visual clues; remember the perception goggles

52. What is a Perceptual Set?
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
Based on top down processing
Kiss the Guy

53. Perceptual Set- our expectations ,emotions, and culture influence out perceptions
We perceive by filling the gaps in what we sense.
I _ant ch_co_ate ic_ cr_am.
Based on our experiences and schemas.
If you see many old men in glasses, you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error).

54. Real World Application
Cops who chase an African American suspect down a dark alley are more likely to perceive him as holding a gun than a cell phone or wallet.
We see what we expect to see!!

55. What you see in the middle depends on your perceptual set.

56. What do you expect?

57. When you first read this, what does it say--A Bird In The Bush
When you first read this, what does it say--A Bird In The Bush? If you read this more carefully you will find that it says A Bird In The The Bush!!! If you caught it the first time, good for you, but I bet you you did not catch it this time!!!

58. Emotion and Motivation
Both affect perception
Examples: when tired a long walk seems impossible
A hill looks steeper if carrying a heavy backpack
Emotions: if you have a reputation for trouble security will stop you more often, if you have a good relationship a bad day does not make you think of a breakup
Perception is learned and innate

59. Context effects
Information in context- a given stimulus may trigger a very different perception
Hearing sad instead of happy music can predispose people to perceive a sad meaning in a word: mourning – morning, die – dye, pain-pane
Pink or blue tells us gender of a baby
When told baby is a boy we use boy terms: slugger, champ etc

60. Crash Course Psychology #7 A summary

62. Illusions
A hallucination is when you see something that isn’t there. An illusion is a distortion of the senses.
*We may see an illusion because we know what we are supposed to see, even though part of a picture or
design may not be completely there”
…when perception overrides sensation

63. Right side up

64. See the fish?

65. Are you seeing dots?

66. Circles...?

68. How many feet?