1. 9.1
Cellular Respiration

2. Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is when an organism in the presence of oxygen converts glucose into ATP(fuel for cells)

3. Fermentation
Fermentation- is when an organism converts glucose into ATP(fuel for cells) when NO oxygen is available

4. To summarize…
If there is NO oxygen available organism will go through Fermentation If there IS oxygen available organism will go through Cellular respiration Either way they both fermentation and cellular respiration start with a process called GLYCOLYSIS

5. Glycolysis- takes place in cytoplasm of cell
Process of taking glucose (which is a 6 carbon molecule) and splitting it into two pyruvic acid molecules (each of which have 3 carbon molecules in them) Glucose c-c-c-c-c-c Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid c-c-c c-c-c

6. Glycolysis Through glycolysis, the cell gains 2 ATP molecules
And, the electron carrier NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons, producing NADH ( a full carrier)
Glycolysis is so fast cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds

7. Fermentation
Again if NO Oxygen is available organisms can go through fermentation after glycolysis.
There are two types of fermentation:
Lactic acid (occurs in animals)
Alcoholic( occurs in yeast (fungi))
Fermentation is said to be anaerobic- which means it doesn’t need oxygen

8. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in our muscles to generate energy when have run out of oxygen The equation for lactic acid fermentation is: pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+ Remember…. NADH is a carrier that is filled with high energy electrons NAD+ is an empty carrier

9. Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes. The equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is: pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

10. If oxygen is Available, we go though cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is when an organism in the presence of oxygen converts glucose into ATP(fuel for cells)
The equation for cellular respiration is:
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy
This is an aerobic process- meaning it needs oxygen to occur

11. Mitochondria
Krebs Cycle aka citric acid cycle
Glucose breaking in half into two PA
Mitochondria’s matrix
Pyruvic acid molecules
Co2 is released by breaking glucose
ETCthe transfer of energy just created
Energy from glycolysis and O2 enter next phase
H2O produced
Large amts. Of ATP produced

12. Here are the stages of the Krebs cycle
After glycolysis (if in the presences of oxygen) the Krebs cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration
During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
The Krebs cycle is also know as the citric acid cycle, because citric acid is one of its first products
Here are the stages of the Krebs cycle

13. KREBS
The Krebs cycle starts when pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion The pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide ( which is excreted as a waste product) Next though another set of reactions citric acid is produced Carrier used and created in this process are: NAD+ is changed to NADH FAD is changed to FADH2

14. Electron transport Chain
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons held in NADH and FADH2 to change ADP into ATP
How does it do this:
1. In the electron transport chain, high-energy electrons move from one carrier protein to the next.
2. At the end of the chain, oxygen pulls electrons from the final carrier molecule
3. These electrons join with hydrogen ions, forming water (H20)
Each transfer along the chain releases a small amount of energy
4. ATP synthase uses this energy to produce ATP

15. Total molecules produced
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose
The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain let the cell form 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
The total for cellular respiration is 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

16. Comparing photosynthesis with cellular respiration
On a global level, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are also opposites
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and puts back oxygen
Cellular respiration removes oxygen from the atmosphere and puts back carbon dioxide