1. Using the Imperative Form
Imperatives are like infinitives without ‘to’. We use them to tell people what to do,
to give them advice or to give them a friendly invitation.
To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
"Don't go!

2. To give someone a friendly invitation, use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative:

3. when to use the imperative:
Instructions:
Turn right at the corner
Go straight on
Put salt in the water
Giving orders:
Listen!
Stop talking!
Take out a pen and paper.
Advice:
Watch out!
Be careful!
Wake up! It’s late!
A Proposal:
Let’s go out for dinner

4. Which words go with which picture?
Drive slowly
Don’t litter
Turn left
Listen
Don’t pick the flowers
Check on next slide

5. Drive slowly
Don’t litter
Turn left
Listen
Don’t pick the flowers

6. Read about the Imperative in your grammar manual
then complete the exercises on p. 8
When you have finished, check your answers
on the next slide.

7. Translation p. 8
Go straight on to the intersection.
Turn right at the next traffic light.
Wait for me in front of the restaurant
Let’s go have a coffee.
Let’s not stop for lunch, I want to finish work.

8. Modal Verbs Modal verbs only have one form, the base form.
I can ride a bike.
She can speak French.
They must attend the course.
They are used before the infinitive of the main verb.
You must wear a seatbelt in the car.
You mustn’t smoke in the cinema.
They give a special element of meaning to a main verb.
Make a requestor give permission
Express obligation
Express doubt
Add politeness

9. Modal Verbs can/ could Use it to express Ability I can ride a bike.
Permission
Can we use a dictionary?
Request (also could)
Can you please call me a taxi?
A past ability
He was a brilliant linguist and could speak more than five languages fluently.

10. affirmative, negative and question forms
I can speak three languages.
She can use Excel and other software programs.
Affirmative:
I cannot (can’t) speak Russian.
He can’t drive a motorcycle.
Negative
Interrogative
Can you speak German?
Can you use Excel?

11. obligation and prohibition must/ have to
1. Saying what is compulsory
We use must or has/ have to to indicate what is compulsary in the present and future.
‘Any changes in taxation must be fair and must avoid shifting the burden from the rich to
the middle class,’ the president said.
All travellers to China have to be in possession of a visa.
2. Imposing an obligation on ourselves
We prefer to use must when we oblige ourselves to do something. We prefer has/have to
when the obligation is imposed by other people or external circumstances.
I must remember to get in touch with Mr. Gonzales.
We have to wear a uniform for work. We don’t have a choice.

12. must/ have to
3. Use don’t have to/ doesn’t have to when there is no obligation – you are free to act.
I work at home so I don’t have to go into the office very often.
She doesn’t have to work late tonight. The office is closed.
4. Saying that something is prohibited:
We use must not to say something is forbidden or very unacceptable.
You mustn’t smoke on the plane.
You mustn’t drive without wearing your seat belt.

13. Must: affirmative, negative and question forms
Affirmative: You must arrive on time for work.
All students in compulsory school must attend lessons.
Negative: You mustn’t (must not) drive faster than 120 km/hour on the freeway.
We mustn’t smoke in public buildings.
Interrogative: Must we work late this evening?
Must he sign in before using the website?

14. to have to: affirmative, negative and question forms
You must use the auxiliary do, don’t, did, or didn’t
for negative and question forms!!!!!
Affirmative: I have to study every day if I want to keep up with this course.
She always has to work at the weekend.
Negative: I don’t have to work at the weekend.
He doesn’t have to bring his passport. An identity card is sufficient.
Question: Do we have to study the Past Simple for the exam?
Does your boos have to attend the board meeting?

15. should We use this modal when we want to give or ask for advice
or make a recommendation
Should I change my job?
Should I ask for a pay rise?
Should we invest in Groupon?
You should take the 8:00am train.
You should buy your ticket online.
You shouldn’t buy stock these days.
You shouldn’t arrive late for work.
You shouldn’t park your car there, you might get a fine!

16. Read the definitions below. Give an example for each.
Verb or modal verb used to say that
Example
An action is necessary (an obligation)
Have to
An action is a good idea (advice)
An action is not a good idea (advice not to do something)
A situation is possible
An action is not necessary
An action is not possible for you to do (because it is against the rules or for another reason)
Check you answers

17. Verb or modal verb used to say that:
Example
An action is necessary (an obligation)
Have to, must
An action is a good idea (advice)
should
An action is not a good idea (advice not to do something)
Shouldn’t
A situation is possible
can
An action is not necessary
Don’t have to
An action is not possible for you to do (because it is against the rules or for another reason)
Mustn’t

18. Read and the authentic examples of our target language below
Then read more about Modals in your grammar manual
on p. 9 and do the exercises.
Check answers to exercises

19. Answers to the exercises on p. 9 of the grammar manual.
Could you tell me the best way to the airport please?
You shouldn’t have any problems finding the hotel, the map I’ve given you is accurate.
They can pay in cash or by credit card.
In England you have to wear a seatbelt at all times.
You don’t have to do all the exercises if you don’t want to.
If you want to get the job you should dress smartly.
You musn’t smoke here, it’s against the law!
We can’t speak English very well. It’s a big problem!
I couldn’t calculate the figures yesterday because I couldn’t find my calculator.
Do you have to wear a uniform at school?

20. Rules and regulations Extra practice:
Complete these sentences so that they are true for you.
Use can, have to, don’t have to and mustn’t.
You …………….. carry a gun.
You …………….. pay to use buses and trains.
You …………….. drink alcohol at school.
You ……………… pay to drive on the motorway.
You ……………..declare income earned abroad.
You ……………..wear a seat belt when driving a car.
You ……………..attend classes at SAA.
You ……………..attend conversation lessons in SAC.
You ……………...cheat during an exam.
You ………………enrol by October 1.