1. SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu
The endocrine system
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu

2. The endocrin system The general description Composition
endocrine glands
(ductless glands)
have no ducts, their secretions (hormone) release directly into circulation and trave to its target organs
endocrine tissue
The endocrine system is an important another regulating and intergrative system besides the nervous system.

3. endocrine glands The endocrine glands include : hypophysis
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
suprarenal gland
pineal body
thymus
The endocrine tissues lie in the pancreas ( pancreatic islets)and the ovary and testis.

4. 一、 hypophysis 1、position：
situated in the hypophyseal fossa of the body of the sphenoid bone;
connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
一、 hypophysis
2、 division: it is divided into two parts:
Adenohypophysis neurohypophysis

5. Anterior lobe Adenohypophysis Posterior lobe Neurohypophysis
Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Anterior lobe
Adenohypophysis
Posterior lobe
Pars nervous
Infundibular part
Median eminence
Neurohypophysis
infundibulum

6. 3、neighborhood Superior : diaphragma sellae
optic chiasma chiasmatic cistern
Inferior ：sphenoid sinus
Lateral side:
cavernous sinus and the strunctures passing through it

7. Connect with hypothalamus

8. Function of hypophysis
Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
Paraventriculohypophyseal tract
(vasopressin)
(oxytocin)
Supraopticohypophyseal trac
posterior lobe of hypophysis

9. 1、division : 二、thyroid gland right and left lobes
Isthmus: the median narrow part ,
pyramidal lobe ：Sometimes present， extendes upwards from the isthmus.

10. 2、position： 二、thyroid gland
lies in the anterior neck region with one lobe on either side of lower larynx and upper part of the trachea.
The ishmus lies in front of the 2-4 tracheal cartilages.

11. Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland
3、The coats of the thyroid glands Inner layer: fibrous capsule External layer: thyroid sheath
Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland
4、relation: from superficial to deep:
Skin
Superficial fascia
superficial layer of cervical fascia
Infrahyoid muscles
pretracheal fascia

13. 三、parathyroid glands they are 4 small yellowish ovoid bodies.
superior parathyroid glands:
lie at the junction of the middle and upper 1/3 of the posterior border of the thyroid gland ；
between the two capsules.
inferior parathyroid glands
lie in the lower end of thyroid glands and close to the inferior thyroid artery

14. 三、parathyroid glands
Function:
they regulate the metablism of the calcium and phosphate which are needed by all cells.

15. 四、suprarenal galnd Position and shape:
Position: lie on the medial part of the upper end of each kidney ；
enclosed by the renal fascia.；
Shape: the right is crescent- like shape
the left one is triangular.
Division:
the suprarenal gland may be divided into two parts:

16. cortex : medulla ： 四、suprarenal galnd
secrets numbers of steroid hormones ，maintain the electrolytic balance and carbohydrorate metabolism.
epinephrine norepinephrine

17. 五、 The pineal body lies on the supero-posterior to the dorsal thalamus； connect to the posterior of the roof of third ventricle.

18. 六、thymus
position: the thymus lies in the anterior part of the superior madiastinum, anterosuperior to the pericardium.

19. 六、thymus
function:
the thymus is an important organ of the immune system and secrete a hormone,the lymphopoietin(胸腺素和促胸腺生成素)，that stimulates the develoment of lymphocytes .

20. 七、 pancreatic islets lie within the pancreas and is called islets of Langerhans , they secrete insulin
regulate the blood sugar level.
八、 ovary
The ovarian follicle and the corpus luteum are the endocrine tissue of the ovary.
hormons: estrogen
progesterone

21. 九、testis
the interstitial tissue of the testis produce the testosterone : responsible for the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics.