1. Chapter 19
Bacteria & Viruses

2. I. Bacteria Prokaryotes
Are ________________________-lack a nucleus and have few organelles
Much smaller than eukaryotes
Eubacteria-larger kingdom than archaebacteria;usually have protective cell wall and determines shape

3. Germ Theory
Discovery that microorganisms are _________________(disease causing agents)
The germ theory of disease states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease.
Beijerinck(1897) and Stanley(1935)-led to discovery of viruses-which are not living things but affect organisms

5. Beijerinck(1897) and Stanley(1935)-led to discovery of viruses-which are not living things but affect organisms
Bacteria were discovered much earlier

6. __________________________-not such a strong,if any,cell wall,DNA sequences more like eukaryotes;live in HARSH environments like hot springs or volcanic vents
Archaebacteria

7. Identifying bacteria:
Bacillus or bacilli
by shape
1) rod-shaped are __________________
2) spiral-shaped are_______________________
3) spherical-shaped are cocci(coccus-singular)
Spirillus or spirilla

10. by cell walls-use Gram Staining-Gram(+) have thick_______________________walls/gram(-) have thinner walls
by movement-some do not move and some have flagella
peptidoglycan

12. B. Metabolic Diversity Chemoheterotrophs photoheterotrophs
_____________________-must take in organic molecules for energy and supply of Carbon-as do we
_____________-
Autotrophs
____________________-
______________-as those found in volcanic vents
Chemoheterotrophs
photoheterotrophs
photoautotrophs
chemoautotrophs

13. Releasing Energy 1) Obligate aerobes-need constant supply of O2
2) _______________________-do not need O2
3) Faculatative anerobes-can survive w/or w/o O2-example-E.coli
Obligate anaerobes

14. C. Growth and Reproduction
_________________________grows,replicates DNA
and splits in half
Binary fission

15. ________________________-exchange genetic info w/ a “bridge”
conjugation

16. Some produce_________________________, which can lie dormant and germinate
spores

17. D. Importance of Bacteria
Decomposers
N-fixers-for plants
Human uses-food production ;cleaning up oil spills
Assist digestion

18. II. Viruses-particles of nucleic acids,protein and sometimes lipids

19. capsid
Not living-reproduce only by infecting living cells
Usually has a DNA or RNA core w/outer protein coat
Outer protein coat called a ______________-which enable it to enter a host cell—often destroying host cell
________________________-viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophage

20. ____________________infection-virus enters cell,makes copies ,and causes cell to burst
_____________________________-virus integrates DNA into DNA of host cell,and viral genetic info replicates along w/host
Lysogenic
Lytic

23. _______________________________-contain RNA as genetic info and produce DNA copy of RNA
retroviruses

24. III. Diseases vaccination antibiotic Bacterial
Infect by damaging cells or releasing toxins
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Streptococcus
Cornyebacterium diptherae
Anthrax
Lyme’s disease
Tetanus
Meningitis
Tooth decay
prevention
-_______________________preparation of weakened or killed pathogens
________________________-compounds that block the reproduction or growth of bacteria
vaccination
antibiotic

25. 2)control-sterilization,heat,disinfectantants,proper food processing and storage

26. B. Viral Common cold Influenza Smallpox Warts AIDS Chickenpox Measles
Hepatitis A,B, or C
West Nile
Polio

27. viroids
________________________________single-stranded RNA moleculesw/no capsid-attack plants
______________________-virus –like particles of protein-may cause protein clumps that induce new prions---example-Mad Cow Disease
prions