1. Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System
Bones of the hand
Bones of the pelvis

3. Skeletal System

4. Functions of the skeletal system
Framework
Support/protect internal organs
Body movement
Provides leverage for lifting and movement
Produces RBCs and some WBCs
Stores majority of body’s calcium supply

5. Divisions of the skeleton
Axial
Consists of
Skull
Spinal column
Ribs
Sternum

6. Appendicular skeleton
Consists of:
Upper extremities
Shoulder girdle
Lower extremities
Pelvic girdle

7. Groups of bone Long Short Length is greater than the width Femur
Blocky bones
Similar length/width
Wrist (carpal) and ankle (tarsal ) bones

8. Four groups of bone Flat Irregular
Composed of two layers compact bone with spongy bone between them
scapula and skull
Irregular
Bones of complex shape and structure
Facial bones and vertebrae

9. Bones of the Skull Cranium(skull) : encloses the brain Parietal
Frontal
forehead
Parietal
Roof and upper sides of cranium
Occipital
Posterior floor and walls of cranium
Temporal
Sides and base of cranium

10. Bones of the Skull Mandible Maxilla Lower jaw bone Only moveable bone
Upper jaw bone

11. Thorax Rib cage True ribs False ribs Floating ribs Ribs Sternum
Thoracic vertebra
True ribs
Attached to sternum
False ribs
Attached to ribs above
Floating ribs
Attached to vertebrae only

12. Spinal Column Vertebral column 26 vertebrae Types of vertebrae
Cervical
neck
Thoracic
Chest
Lumbar
Lower back
Largest and strongest

13. Spinal Column Sacrum Coccyx Triangular shaped Base of spine Tail bone
End of spine

14. Accessory Structures
Ligaments
Attaches bone to bone

15. Structures of the
Long Bone

16. Structures Compact bone Cancellous Hard dense part of bone
Loosely packed or spongy

17. Structures Diaphysis Epiphysis Medullary canal Long shaft of bone
Ends of long bone
Medullary canal
Cavity w/in long bone
Contains either yellow or red marrow

18. Structures Endosteum Periosteum Outer covering of bone
Layer promote bone growth nutrition, and repair
Endosteum
Lines medullary canal

19. Structures of bones Bone marrow Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow
Manufactures RBCs & WBCs
Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, scapula, long bones
Yellow bone marrow
Functions as fat storage

20. Articulation and Movement
Joints
Articulation and Movement

21. Joints Two or more bones join together Held together by ligaments
Three types of joints:
Immovable (synarthrosis)
Cranium
Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Pelvis
Freely movable (diarthrosis)

22. Freely Moveable Joints (Synovial)
Freely movable
Pivot joint
Allow rotation on single axis
Base of skull
Ball and socket
wide range of movement in many directions
Hips and shoulders
Hinge joints
Allows movement in one direction or plane (bend and straighten)
Knees and elbows

23. Freely Moveable Joints
Saddle joint
Convex and concave surface fit together
Thumb
Gliding joint
Two surfaces meet with motion limited by tissues and ligaments
Wrist and ankle

24. Protecting Joints Synovial fluid Lubrication for joints
Provides smooth movement of joints
Acts as shock absorber
Meniscus
Fluid-filled disc
Reduces friction
Bursa
Sac lined with synovial membrane
Cartilage:
On end surfaces to prevent friction

25. Disorders of the
Skeletal System

26. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Osteomyelitis
Severe inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Cause: bacterial infection
Osteoporosis
Calcium and phosphorous deficiencies
Bones porous and fracture easily
Occurs in mainly in women as they age

27. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joint
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa

28. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Kyphosis
Increase in thoracic curvature of spine resulting in hunchback appearance
Lordosis
exaggerated inward curvature in the lumbar region of spinal column

29. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Scoliosis
Side-to-side curvature of the spinal column

30. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Dislocation
Separation of a joint
Sprain
Injury to soft tissues of a joint,
Symptoms: inability to move, deformity, and pain

31. Fractures Disruption of the bone tissue Incomplete fracture
Fracture lines does not extend through bone
Complete fracture
Fracture lines goes all the way through bone

32. Fractures Comminuted fracture
Bone broken in several places and splinters of bone can be embedded in surrounding tissue

33. Fractures Compression fracture
Bone collapses due to disruption of bone tissue
Usually in vertebrae

34. Fractures Greenstick fracture
Incomplete break that occurs almost exclusively in children
Hairline fracture in adults

35. Fractures Compound: Fragment of bone punctures skin
Often complicated by infection

36. Fracture treatment Open reduction Closed reduction
surgical incision to expose fracture site
Bone realigned and position with internal fixation (rods, plates, screws)
Closed reduction
Local or general anesthesia may be used
Manipulate bone back into normal position

37. Fracture treatment Immobilization with a cast or splint
Alleviates muscle spasm around fracture site

38. Tractions
Applies to a pin inserted through distal bone fragment and pulling forces helps return overriding one fragments to normal anatomical position
Used until healing takes place or
Until internal fixation can be performed

39. Diagnostic Tests for the
Skeletal System

40. Diagnostic Tests for bones
Bone density studies
Method of determining how porous bone is
Bone marrow biopsy
Extraction of a small amount of bone marrow for microscopic examination
Bone scan
Nuclear medicine procedure
Detects amount of radiant energy released from the medication
Allows physician to detect fractures osteoporosis, cancer, and growths

41. Diagnostic Tests for joints
Arthrogram
Injection of dye into a specific joint followed by series of x-rays
Arthroscopy
Visual examination of all aspects of a joint using special instrument that contains a light and camera
aspiration
Removal of excessive fluid from synovial space through a needle

42. The End