1. EPIPHYSEAL INJURIES Salter-Harris Fractures Ass.Prof .
Zaid W..shahwanii
These are fractures through a growth plate; they are unique to pediatric patients. Several types of fractures have been categorized by the involvement of the physis, metaphysis, and epiphysis. The classification of the injury is important because it affects the treatment of patient and provides clues to possible long-term complications.

2. THE INJURIES OF THE PHYSIS
Special problems to children. They may cause growth abnormalities.
The children bones grow on their ends through an epiphysial plate (also called physis) that lay down new bone in both directions towards the joint and that part is called epiphysis, and toward the shaft and that part is called metaphysis. The shaft itself is called
diaphysis.
The epiphysial plate appears radiolucent on x ray because they are mainly of cartilage. This growing plate will stop growing, gradually ossifies and disappears around the time of skeletal maturity.
Each plate disappears at different time during life. Injuries and fractures at the region of epiphyseal plate carry the bad and serious complications of disturbing or stopping bone growth of all or part of the epiphysial plate giving rise to lateral shortness or deformities of the involved limb or joint.

3. Anatomy
THE PHYSIS IS A SLAB OF HYALINE CARTILAGE LOCATED AT THE ENDS OF GROWING BONES BETWEEN THE EPIPHYSES AND METAPHYSES AND WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GROWTH OF SUCH BONES
IT IS DIVIDED INTO 4 DISTINCT ZONES HISTOLOGICALLY:
1.GERMINAL (RESTING) ZONE, Adjacent to epiphysis
Irregularly scattered chondrocytes, low activity
2.PROLIFERATIVE ZONE , Columns of chondrocytes. Active cell division results in longitudinal growth
3.HYPERTROPHIC (MATURATION) ZONE Adjacent to metaphysis Chondrocytes accumulate calcium No active growth in this layer
ZONE OF CALCIFICATION

5. Salter-Harris Fractures
EPIPHYSEAL INJURIES
Salter-Harris Fractures
classification

6. In this injury, the width of the physis is
The classification of Salter-Harris fractures is used to describe the extent & site of the epiphyseal injuries
Type I
A type 1 fracture is a transverse fracture Through the hypertrophic zone of the physis.
In this injury, the width of the physis is
increased.or there will be a transverse
separation of the physis from the metaphysis ..
The growing zone of the physis usually is not injured, and growth disturbance is uncommon. On clinical examination, the child has point tenderness at the which is suggestive of a type I fracture epiphyseal plate, .

7. Salter-Harris_Epiphyseal injuries
II Type A type II fracture is a fracture through the physis and the metaphysis, but the epiphysis is not involved in the injury. These fractures may cause minimal shortening; however, the injuries rarely result in functional limitations Type II is the most common type of Salter-Harris fracture

8. Type III
A type III fracture is a fracture through the physis and the epiphysis. This fracture passes through the hypertrophic layer of the physis and extends to split the epiphysis, inevitably damaging the reproductive layer of the physis. This type of fracture is prone to chronic disability because by crossing the physis, the fracture extends into the articular surface of the bone. However, type III fractures rarely result in significant deformity; therefore, they have a relatively favorable prognosis ,,,,,The treatment for this fracture is often surgical

9. Ty.1
Ty. 2
Ty.3

10. Type IV
fracture involves all 3 elements of the bone: The fracture passes through the epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis. A type IV fracture is an intra-articular fracture; thus, it can result in chronic disability By interfering with the growing layer of cartilage cells, these fractures can cause premature focal fusion of the involved bone. Therefore, these injuries can cause deformity of the joint

11. Ty 3
Ty 4

12. Type V
injury is a compression or crush injury of the epiphyseal plate with no associated metaphyseal fracture. This fracture is associated with growth disturbances . Initially, diagnosis may be difficult, the diagnosis depend mainly on clinical features of premature closure of physis ..& A typical history of an axial load injury.. These injuries have a poor functional prognosis.. .

13. clinical features As for any fracture.
X-ray It is difficult to assess as the physis is radiolucent and the epiphysis is incompletely ossified.
1. The physeal widening of the gap
2. Tilting of the epiphysis
3. Repeating X ray within few days
4. Comparing the injured side with the normal
Treatment 1) Undisplaced → cast for 2-4 weeks
2) Displaced → reduce efficiently either by closed or open reduction and internal fixation (it should be with smooth wires or pins)
Complications
1. Deformities Premature fusion (once the epiphyseal line is closed that limb will remain short)

14. This male patient ,,13 years of age who had a bullet injury in the antero –medial side of the Lt. Knee a partial damage in the upper epiphysis causing genum varum

17. Stress fractuers
This is an incomplete fracture in bones
A stress fracture occurs when a low forces happen repetitively for a long period of time on a single bone , ( usually seen in person who increase his level of activity over a short period of time)),, these injuries are also known as "fatigue fractures."
Stress fractures are commonly seen in athletes who run and jump on hard surfaces, such as distance runners, basketball players, and dancers. A stress fracture can occur in any bone, but is commonly seen in the foot and shin of the tibia

18. Cont. - Sterss Fr .
factor ‘s that can contribute to the development of a stress fracture are dietary abnormalities and menstrual irregularities. Because both factors contribute to bone health, any problems with diet (e.g. poor nutrition, anorexia, bulimia) or menstruation (amenorrhea) may place an individual at higher risk for these injuries.
This is one reason that adolescent female athletes are at particularly high risk for development of a stress fracture .bones.

19. Pathologic Fracture Causes
Definition
A pathologic fracture occurs when a bone breaks in an area that is weakened by another disease process.
Causes
1) Tumour ;Either A) primary malignant bone tumours: chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's tumour
Or B) Secondary carcinomatus deposit :- breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, prostate
2) generalised bone disease:- osteogenesis imperfecta, postmenopausal osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, myelomatosis, polyocystic fibrous dysplasia, Paget's disease
3) local benign conditions: ;- chronic infection, solitary bone cyst, fibrous cortical defect, chondromyxoid fibroma, aneurysmal bone cyst, chondroma, monostotic fibrous dysplasia

20. Pathologic Fracture Clinical features
Spontaneous or after trivial injury, with local and general features of fracture.
X ray shows fracture with diseased bone.
Management: Biopsy is needed.
Principals of fracture treatment are the same mostly by internal fixation supplemented by cement Chemotherapy & radiotherapy may be added.
Prophylactic internal fixation
If a focus of metastasis with destructive features is shown in a long bone by an x ray, an internal fixation should be done even if there is no fracture because you expect that this may fracture
soon or later

22. Thank you