1. The Environmental Policies
Canada, Australia, USA, Japan
4조 : 조익준, 서준규, 김원규

2. Roadmap
Canada
Australia
USA
Japan
Environmental Policies of…

3. Environmental policy of Canada

4. Contents
Introduction
Tax
Subsidy
C&C
Regulation
Conclusion

5. Introduction

6. Tax Why a carbon price? Which provinces have a carbon tax in place?
The effect of a carbon tax

7. Tax : Why a carbon price? Carbon taxes are cost effective
Carbon taxes raise revenue that can be used for productive purposes
Carbon taxes are transparent and simple to design

8. Tax : Which provinces have a carbon tax in place?
Alberta
Quebec
Ontario

9. Tax : The effect of a carbon tax

10. Subsidy
What is IEPT?
IEPT’s objectives
IEPT’s Impact

11. Subsidy : What is IEPT? Innovative Energy Technologies Programs
provide royalty adjustment
encourage responsible development of oil, natural gas

12. Subsidy : IEPT’s objectives
Increasing the recovery from oil and gas
Improving recovery of natural gas from coal seams
Disseminating technology and information developed

13. Subsidy : IEPT’s Impact
The largest economic and technical successes in enhanced oil recovery
Funded the first Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

14. C&C What is a cap-and-trade system?
What sectors are subject to cap-and trade system?
What is the CITSS?

15. C&C : What is a cap-and-trade system?

16. C&C : What sectors are subject to cap-and trade system?
: only the industrial and electricity sectors
and : fossil fuel distributors

17. C&C : What is the CITSS?
Emitters and participants in the cap-and trade system must each have an account in the CITSS in which their emission allowances are held.
A computerized GHG emission allowance tracking system
Designed to simplify

18. Regulation
CEPA
Renewable Fuels Regulations
PCB Regulations

19. Regulation : Renewable Fuels Regulations
Objective : reduce GHG emissions by mandating an average 5%
Result : incremental reduction of GHG emissions of about 1 MT CO2e per year

20. Regulation : PCB Regulations
Specific deadlines
ending the use of PCBs or above 50 mg/kg
eliminating all PCBs and equipment containing PCBs
Result : reduce releases of PCBs into the environment

21. Environmental policies of Aus

22. Carbon tax is repealed Carbon emission decreased
Six months after the introduction of carbon pricing the Department of Climate Change and Renewable Energy reported a 9% decrease in emissions from electricity generators. (ABC news, 2013)
Cut carbon with the construction of a new biogas plant in 2013 as a result of carbon tax.
참고 :

23. Carbon tax is repealed When? Why?
July 17, 2014 After a lengthy debate, the Senate votes to get rid of the price on carbon, with 39 senators voting for and 32 voting against. (ABC news, 2014)
Why?
Exchange rate
Enacted policy with MRRT at the same time.
Consumer’s protest and main industry

24. Main industry
Agriculture
Dairying
Mining

25. Agriculture & Dairying
Emissions of cow
Agricultural
CO2 emission (ton)
Ruminant livestock are the single biggest source of methane emissions in Australia and the largest source of emissions from agriculture (71%). Large quantities of enteric methane are produced during fermentation in the rumen and released by burping or breathing. In Victoria, around 40% of all agriculture's methane emissions are from dairy cattle, with beef cattle and sheep contributing 30% each. (2016)
1998
72,866
1999
77,246
2000
78,560
2001
82,928
2002
75,268
2003
67,772
2004
74,592
2005
70,128
2006
68,703
2007
78,770
2008
69,461
So aus considered fart taxation, but its foundered in 2003
참고 :

26. Agriculture & Dairying
Solution – started from feed
Emission fund
Emissions Reduction Fund is to reduce emissions at lowest cost and contribute towards Australia’s 2020 emissions reduction target of five per cent below 2000 levels by 2020.
Research of Correlation of cattle feed and emission
Accurate measurement techniques have enabled the GIA Methane team to identify differences between individual animals, with animals being either high (450g methane/cow/day) or low (250g methane/ cow/day) emitters of methane. This gives promise that cows can be bred for higher feed conversion efficiency and lower methane emissions. (Richard Eckard, 2016)
참고 :

27. Agriculture & Dairying
Subsidies
The government provided $2.55 billion in the Budget to establish the Emissions Reduction Fund. Payment will be made as emissions reductions are verified. (Aus government)
출처 : Emissions Reduction Fund and Carbon Farming Initiative, Australian Government, 2016

28. Mining coal Aus doesn’t have any atomic power plant Instead, relied on
thermal power plant

29. Coal mining Exporting and power plant Energy CO2 emission (ton) 1998
30,261
1999
30,548
2000
31,775
2001
35,012
2002
36,097
2003
36,532
2004
37,047
2005
37,814
2006
37,176
2007
38,630
2008
39,063
Exporting and power plant
It is used to generate electricity and is exported. 54% of the coal mined in Australia is exported, mostly to eastern Asia. In 2000/01, million tonnes of coal was mined, and million tonnes exported, rising to 261 million tonnes of exports in 2008–09. Coal also provides about 85% of Australia's electricity production.
참고 : International Energy Agency. ( ) Coal Information Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development. 
Energy CO2 emissions :

30. Coal mining Solution CCT (Clean Coal Tech)
committed A$100 million to commission a climate change-fighting "clean coal" and carbon sequestration research institute to make Australia a leader in this emerging technology.
The technology which is emerging now and which I think will be available over the next three to five years cleans up very significantly (ABC news, 2014)
참고 :

31. Coal mining Solution Renewable energy
Renewable energy provided 14.6 per cent of Australia’s electricity in 2015, enough to provide power for the equivalent of approximately 6.7 million average homes.  This was up on the 13.5 per cent of electricity delivered by renewables the year before.
참고 : Clean Energy Australia Report,

32. Coal mining Water Wind Wave - CETO
In 2007–08 hydro-electricity represented 15% of renewable energy production in Australia. In 2015 this had risen to 40% of renewable energy production.
Water
October 2010, around 22.9% of Australia's renewable electricity, and 2% of Australia's total electricity, was sourced from wind power, enough electricity to power more than 700,000 homes.
Wind
Carnegie Corp of Western Australia is refining a method of using energy captured from passing waves, CETO to generate high-pressure sea water. In early 2015 the Perth wave energy project was commissioned. The company is looking to have a 50 MW demonstration project finished within the next four years. (Energy Matters)
Wave - CETO
참고 : Clean Energy Australia 2010, Clean energy council

33. Coal mining

34. Agriculture & Dairying + Coal
Solution – Started from recycling
Biogas plant inventory
Substrate/Plant type
Number of plants a (+ b)
Production (Mm3/yr) a
Potential Production
(GWh/yr) a
Sewage sludge
19 (+30)
92.75
Biowaste
2 (+2)
6.44
11-16
Agriculture
9 (+9)
11.03
19-28
Industrial
11 (+22)
16.15
28-41
Landfills -
Total
41 (+63)
127
Produced raw biogas in Australia, according to biogas survey [a] (last updated 23rd Oct 2015) and additional sources [b]
참고 : A/Prof Bernadette McCabe, IEA, “Country Report Australia”, 2015

35. Agriculture & Dairying + Coal
Solution – Started from recycling
Financial support systems for Biogas
Large-scale Generation Certificates (LGCs) only financial incentive nationally (~$70/MWh) (Greenmakets, 2015)
One Feed-in-tariff in Victoria for small plants <100kW capacity (≈ $0.06/kW)
Loan support : Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) loans and financing instruments
참고 : A/Prof Bernadette McCabe, IEA, “Country Report Australia”, 2015

36. Environmental policy of USA
미국의 환경 정책
Environmental policy of USA

37. Reason of excess carbon emission
US greenhouse gas emissions by gas
US greenhouse gas emissions by source

38. Carbon emission of USA
US energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2012 were 12% below the peak levels of 2007

39. Fracking is reducing CO2 emissions by the United States
Carbon emission of USA
Fracking is reducing CO2 emissions by the United States

40. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative(RGGI)
Carbon emission trading of USA
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative(RGGI)

41. US assignment grant condition
Environmental subsidy of USA
US assignment grant condition

42. Environmental policy of Japan
일본의 환경 정책
Environmental policy of Japan

43. Japan’2 greenhouse gas has broken another record at 2007.
Carbon emission of Japan
 Japan’2 greenhouse gas has broken another record at 2007.

44. Carbon emission trading and carbon tax

45. THANK YOU
Q&A