1. PIPING CODES

2. Standard: Specification: Code of practices : Legislation :
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Standard:
Standard is the degree of excellence required.
Specification:
Specification is a detailed description of construction, workmanship, materials, etc.
Code of practices :
Code of practices is recommended method of doing something.
Legislation :
Legislation is legal requirement, which is therefore mandatory, unlike a standard, specification or code of practices.

3. Codes usually set forth minimum requirements for
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes usually set forth minimum requirements for
Design of piping systems
Materials of piping systems
Fabrication of piping systems
Erection of piping systems
Test of piping systems
Inspection of piping systems

4. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Compliance to code is generally mandated by regulations imposed by regulatory and enforcement agencies. At times, the insurance carries for facility leaves hardly any choice for the owner but to comply with the requirements of a code or codes to ensure safety of the workers and the general public. Compliance to standards is normally required by the rules of the applicable code or the purchaser’s specification.

5. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Each code has limits on its jurisdiction, which are precisely defined in the code. Similarly, the scope of application for each standard is defined in the standard. Therefore, users must become familiar with limits of application of a code or standard before invoking their requirements in design and construction documents of a piping system.

6. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The codes and standards, which relate to piping systems and piping components, are published by various organizations. These organizations have committees made up of representatives from industry associations, manufacturers, professional groups, government agencies, insurance companies, and other interest groups.

7. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The committees are responsible for maintaining, updating, and revising the codes and standards in view of technological developments, research, experience feedback, problems, and changes in referenced codes, standards, specifications, and regulations.
The revisions to various codes and standards are published periodically. Therefore, it is important that the engineers, designers, and other professional and technical personnel stay informed with the latest editions, addenda, or revisions of the codes and standards affecting their work.

8. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
While designing a piping system in accordance with a code or a standard, the designer must comply with the most restrictive requirements, which apply to any of the piping elements.
In regard to applicability of a particular edition, issue, addenda, or revision of a code or standard, one must be aware of the national, state provincial, and local laws and regulations governing its applicability in addition to the commitments made by the owner and the limitations delineated in the code or standard.

9. History of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
History of pipeline codes:
1925
Need for pressure piping code due to increased oil related activity.
1926
Project B31 initiated at request of ASME.
1935
B31 published as American tentative standard code for pressure piping.
1951
After several revisions this became American standard B31.1 with sectin 3 covering oil transportation pipelines.
1955
Separate codes developed and published as:
B31.4 Liquid petroleum transportation piping.
B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping.

10. History of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
History of pipeline codes:
1963-9
Major revisions to B31.8 based on research data.
1970
British standard CP2010 introduced. Part 2 covered design and construction of steel pipelines land-oil and gas pipelines.
1970
IGE 674A introduced-gas pipeline design code based on fracture mechanics.
1977
IGE TD\1 introduced-a complete gas pipeline code including revised design criteria.
1984
IGE TD\1 edition 2 published allowing design pressures up to 100 bar for land pipelines.

11. History of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
History of pipeline codes:
1986
Work commenced on BS 8010 pipelines.
1992
Publication of BS 8010 pipelines part 2-pipelines on land section 2.8 steel pipelines for oil and gas.
1993
IGE TD\1 edition 3 published introducing risk analysis and condition monitoring.
1993
Publication of BS 8010 pipelines part 3-pipelines subsea.

12. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
Steel pipeline technology originally developed in the USA.
The first codes were written by ANSI/ASME as the B31 series for oil and gas.
IGE 674 was introduced in 1965 as a gas pipeline code for UK, but based on B31.8 high level testing of gas pipelines following construction introduced in USA and UK.
Up to this time all codes were just a statement of 'Good Practice' mainly relating to construction and installation. Very little on design.
Major gas pipeline failures in USA during the 1960's and the failure at Yarm in the UK directed attention to gas pipeline design criteria.

13. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:

14. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
IGE 674A was published in 1970 after the introduction of natural gas and the existing standards were regarded as inadequate. Pipeline routes were classified by areas R, S & T based on possible failure consequences and maximum operating pressures were restricted to 1000, 350 & 100 psig.
B31.8 also updated by introducing four area classifications 1, 2, 3 & 4.
1 for Rural or Desert Zones, Safety Factor 0.72.
2 for Inhabited Zones, Safety Factor 0.6.
3 for Urban Zones, Safety Factor 0.5.
3 for Urban Zones with multi floor buildings, Safety Factor 0.4

15. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
High level hydrostatic testing introduced as a requirement for the periodic revalidation of gas pipelines in the UK. This has never been a requirement in the USA under B31.8.
IGE 674B published in 1971 gave provisional recommendations for sleeves (casings). A 'Good Practice' guide for construction to avoid common operational problems.

16. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
IGE 674C published in 1974 gave specific recommendations for construction and testing of gas pipelines. The test pressure was related to the pipe SMYS not the design pressure or working pressure.

17. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
UTS YS
Elastic
Failure
Plastic
Stress
SMYS
Strain
0.5%
100%

18. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
Work on fracture mechanics in high pressure pipelines continued in USA and UK.
Operating stress level in pipeline steel shown to be the important parameter not pressure.
Maximum allowable stress levels for each area classification specified in B31.8 and the new edition 2 of IGE/TD/1; but further divergence occurs between the two codes.
On-line inspection replaces high level testing for pipeline revalidation in TD/1; but no periodic revalidation required in B31.8.

19. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
More work on fracture mechanics leads to better OLI defect assessment criteria as well as risk assessment criteria for pipeline design. Risk assessment introduced in TD/1 but not B31.8. 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
180 20 mm
0.85
0.75
0.80
0.90
Corroded area
6 mm
Proportion of wall thickness

20. Development of pipeline codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Development of pipeline codes:
BS8010 introduced with the objective of producing a standard, which reflected the best international practice in the design of steel pipelines for oil and gas. IGE /TD/1 is incorporated in BS8010 and the same principles have been extended to other substances besides natural gas.
BS8010 is the foundation of the new European pipeline code which is currently being prepared.

21. What are the key differences between Oil/Liquid Codes and Gas Codes?
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES ?
What are the key differences between Oil/Liquid Codes and Gas Codes?

22. Oil & Liquid product lines
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Oil & Liquid product lines
Gas lines
No account of population Density along the route.
Account taken of population density along the route.
No proximity distances From buildings.
Proximity distances in some codes some codes but not B31.8
Maximum design factor 72% SMYS.
Maximum design factor can be as low as 30% SMYS.
Lower standard of Inspection.
Higher standard of inspection.

23. The key differences: Key differences between Oil codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Key differences between Oil codes:
ANSI \ ASME B31.4
BS8010
Design factor calculated on nominal wall thickness tolerance.
Design factor calculated on minimum wall thickness tolerance.
Minimum depth of cover 3ft but 4ft for LPG liquid and ammonia lines.
Minimum depth of cover 900mm for all substances.
Other wise no distinction between products.
Products \ substances are categorized some requiring more stringent designs.

24. The key differences: Key differences between Gas codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Key differences between Gas codes:
ANSI \ ASME B31.4
BS8010\IGE TD\1
Design factor calculated on nominal wall thickness tolerance.
Design factor calculated on minimum wall thickness tolerance.
Minimum depth of cover varies with location and ground type.
Minimum depth of cover 900mm for all substances in all locations.
Population density is determined by the number of buildings.
Population density is determined by the number of persons.

25. The key differences: Key differences between Gas codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Key differences between Gas codes:
ANSI \ ASME B31.4
BS8010\IGE TD\1
No proximity distances From buildings.
Proximity distances based on heat radiation levels.
Test pressure based on operating pressure or design pressure.
Test pressure based on SMYS ie the material properties not pressure.
Allocation of design factor based on scaling between min. of 0.4 and max. of 0.8
Allocation of design factor based on fracture mechanics min. 0.3 to max ( can be higher if risk analysis show it is safe).

26. The key differences: Key differences between Gas codes:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Key differences between Gas codes:
ANSI \ ASME B31.4
BS8010\IGE TD\1
Prescriptive-on risk analysis.
Risk analysis based code.

27. The key differences: Primary standards: AMERICA EUROPE PIPING CODES
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Primary standards:
AMERICA
EUROPE
National
European
ANSI EN
Professional
National AP BS
ASME
DIN
etc.
ASTM
NACE
Professional
IGE IP
etc.

28. The key differences: Foreign codes and standards:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Foreign codes and standards:
The basic principles of piping design and construction may not differ much from one country to another, but the requirements of country specific codes and standards may very substantially. Therefore, the personnel involved in the engineering design, construction, operation, and maintenance of piping systems must make sure that the requirements of applicable cods and standards are complied with to ensure the safety of the general public and workers associated with the facility.
The user is advised to verify the latest applicable version / edition of the code and / or standard before invoking their requirements for any application.

29. The key differences: Relevant activities: Materials:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
The key differences:
Relevant activities:
Materials:
Specification of materials.
Manufacture of materials.
Testing of materials.
Pipeline design and construction:
Planning & routing.
Mechanical design.
Corrosion control.
Pipeline construction.
Testing & Certification.

30. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
The following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.1 Power Piping
Piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems and central and district heating and cooling plants.
B31.3 Process Piping
Piping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants and terminals.

31. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
The following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
Piping transporting products which are predominately quid between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations.
B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
Piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants.

32. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
The following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems
Piping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources and terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas gathering pipelines.

33. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
The following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.9 Building Services Piping
Piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings and in multi-unit residences which does not require the range of sizes, pressures and temperatures covered in B311.1
B Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
Piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and terminals within terminals, pumping and regulating stations.

34. Codes and Standards: ASME B16 Dimensional Codes
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
ASME B16 Dimensional Codes
The ASME B16 Piping Component Standards:
Piping component standard developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ASME B36 Piping Component Standards:
B Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe.
B Stainless Steel Pipe.

35. Codes and Standards: Other ASME or ANSI:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Other ASME or ANSI:
B Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal Pumps.
B Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pumps
B133.2 Basic Gas Turbine
NEPA Codes
National Electrical Protection Association
Piping covering fire protection systems using water, Carbon dioxide, Halon, Foam, Dry chemical and wet chemicals.

36. Codes and Standards: NFC - NFPA Codes
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
NFC - NFPA Codes
National Fire Code / National Fire Protection Association.
NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities
Piping for medical and laboratory gas systems.
MSS Standard Practices
Piping and related component standards developed by the Manufacturer’s Standardization Society. The MSS standards are directed at general industrial applications. The pipeline industry makes extensive use of these piping component and quality acceptance standards.

37. Codes and Standards: API
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
API
The API standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product distribution services. Equipment specified to these standards are typically more robust than general industrial applications.
ASTM
There are numerous American Society for Testing and Materials designations cover the specification of wrought materials, forgings and castings used for plate, fittings, pipe and valves. The ASTM standards are directed to dimensional standards, materials and strength considerations.

38. Why was a new code needed?
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS 8010
Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas ?
Why was a new code needed?

39. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Not really needed for oil pipelines.
Significant differences existed between the existing BS 2010 and IGE/1 for Methane.
Serious anomalies existed in all codes over the treatment of substances such as Ethylene, LPG, Hydrogen and Ammonia.

40. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Example:
LPG and Ammonia pipelines were usually designed to ANSI/ASME B31.4 even though the Hazards resulting from them are more serious than for Methane; whereas Methane pipelines were designed to the more stringent B31.8 or TD/1.
LPG pipeline incidents in the USA represented only about 16% of the accidents but resulted in around 90% of the Fatalities

41. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Objectives of Part 2.8
It should reflect the current best practice.
It should combine Oil, Gas, Chemicals and ‘Gases from Air’ in one self consistent code.
It should have a logical basis for relating the standard of design to the level of Hazard in the event of an accident..
It should combine the best practices of the Gas, Chemicals and ‘Gases from Air’ industries with the best aspects of existing international codes.

42. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Objectives of Part 2.8
It should be simple and workable.
It should not be a design manual.

43. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Key Technical Area
Categorisation of substances.
Classification of location:
Proximity to occupied buildings.
Population density.
Selection of design factor.

44. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Categorisation of Substances A B
Water based substances
Flammable or Toxic liquids at STP
BS8010 Part 2.2
Oil D
Oil products
Flammable or Toxic gases at STP but conveyed as liquids or gases
Toxic liquids C
1 Ammonia
Non Flammable gases at STP
2 Butane/Propane/LPG
1 Air
2 Argon
3 Chlorine
4 Ethane
5 Ethylene
3 Carbon dioxide
4 Nitrogen
6 Hydrogen
7 Methane
5 Oxygen

45. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Classification of Location
Class 1 location
Population Density < 2.5 Persons /Hectare
Class 2 location
Population Density > 2.5 Persons /Hectare.
Extensive developments with Houses, Schools and Shops.
Class 3 location
Central areas of Towns and Cities with High population and building density, multi-story buildings and dense traffic.

46. Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introduction to BS Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Design Factor
Definition
Max. Allowable Stress/Specified Min. Yield Stress.
Selection
Substance category.
Location classification.
Consistent approach

47. Codes and Standards: Problem Set:
Centrifugal Pump
PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Problem Set:
Are process plant water lines considered pressure piping systems?
For what fluid service category may a hydrotest be waived per B31.3?
What is the difference between a pipe elbow and a bend?
A project award has been made. At the kick off meeting, the PM advises that piping design will be to B The facility is steam piping in a refinery extending from the boiler to the tank farm. What do you do or say and why?
What flange specification would you expect to reference for a gas pipeline facility?