1. Christian Europe Emerges, 300-1200 CE
Chapter 10
Christian Europe Emerges, CE

2. I. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000 CE
From Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms
A Self-Sufficient Economy
Early Medieval Society

3. A. From Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms
Rome breaks down in 5th century with several Germanic kingdoms in its place
Western Europe continues to be attacked by Muslim Arabs
Frankish kingdoms unite into collective empire under Charlemagne (Holy Roman Empire?)
Frankish empire eventually divided up by Charlemagne’s grandsons
Vikings attack Western Europe and sign a treaty to get Normandy and Iceland, then invade England under William the Conqueror

4. B. A Self-Sufficient Economy
The fall of Rome leads to de-urbanization and decline in trade leading to small, local, self-sufficient estates (manors)
Manors were centers of agriculture and grew from increasing needs of self-sufficiency and self-defense
The lord of the manor had power over all agricultural workers (serfs) and was considered the government

5. C. Early Medieval Society
Nobles/knights are granted land (fief) in return for military service (feudalism)
Knights needed land to afford expensive military technology (armor/weapons for knights)
Kings were weak-ish because they then depended on the vassals (nobles granted land) who may have more than one king that they serve
Noble women could not own land and were pawns in marriage politics. Commoner women worked alongside the men

6. II. The Western Church The Structure of Christian Faith
Politics and the Church
Monasticism
Shaping European Society

7. A. The Structure of Christian Faith
The Pope leads and unites the Catholic church and Christian faith
The church develops hierarchy of patriarchs, bishops, and priests and also rituals like baptism, Mass, and marriage.
Church hierarchy often disagreed on doctrine of “correct practices” (orthopraxy) and “correct beliefs” (Orthodoxy)
A. The Structure of Christian Faith

8. B. Politics and the Church
Popes sought to combine their religious powers with political power by allying with the German Kings and crowning a “Holy Roman Emperor”
Henry II of England tries to undermine the church for secular (non-religious) rulers, and is shut down
Western Europe was now subject to three legal traditions: Germanic Feudal law, Canon (Church law), and Roman law

9. C. Monasticism (monks)
Christian Monasticism originated in 4th century Egypt
Benedict of Nursia in Western Europe organized monasteries that governed all aspects of monastic life for people to devote themselves
Monasteries were centers of learning, literacy, orphanages, and their own agricultural.

10. D. Shaping European Society
Christianity rejected slavery, religious pluralism (other religions), and overt sexuality
Fate of Jewish people subject to Christian rulers
Social life and culture of Western Europe transformed to meet the demands of Christianity

11. III. The Byzantine Empire
Church and State
Society and Urban Life
Cultural Achievements

12. A. Church and State
Roman culture (sort of) continues in the east (Byzantium) under the capital, Constantinople
In Byzantium, the emperor intervened in religious (Christian) doctrine
Polytheistic Paganism is driven out
Continued to face foreign threats (Goths and Huns from north) and Sassanids from the East for 300 years
After the Sasanids, Muslim Arabs take Syria, Egypt, and Tunisia from Byzantium, permanently reducing Byzantium’s power
Schism develops between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity

13. B. Society and Urban Life
Byzantium also saw a decline in urbanization, but not as bad. The middle class disappeared, leading to only wealthy aristocrats and peasants
Women were confined to the house and had to wear veils if they went out, but could rule alongside their husbands
Emperors of Byzantium directly set prices and monopolized trade, leading to struggles in wealth and technology

14. C. Cultural Achievements
Scholars collected laws and called it Body of Civil Law, which became the basis of Western European law
Byzantium architects developed domed buildings
Cyril and Methodius teach the Slavs of Moravia to write in Cyrillic script

15. IV. Kievan Russia, 900-1200 Geography and Background
Rise of the Kievan State
Society and Culture

16. A. Geography and Background
Russian territory Extends form Black sea to Baltics and White sea in the North
Russia was inhabited by different groups of people that merged into the Slavs in the west, Finns in the north, and Turkic in the south
They all traded with each other and also into the Silk Road

17. B. Rise of the Kievan State
The Rus were Slav farmers ruled by Varangian (Viking) nobles in Kiev and Novogrod
In 980, Vladimir I adopts Orthodox Christianity and imitates culture of Byzantium in Kiev

18. C. Society and Culture
Kievan Russia depended on trade since they could not cultivate their land well
The move to Christianity was slow, so Paganism and Polygamy persists until the 12th century

19. V. Western Europe Revives
The Role of Technology
Cities and the Rebirth of Trade
The Crusades

20. A. The Role of Technology
New technology like the heavy moldboard plow and horse collar improve agriculture and spur the development of Western Europe

21. B. Cities and the Rebirth of Trade
Self-governing cities emerge in Italy and Flanders that depend on trade and manufacturing
Venice in Italy emerges as dominant sea trade power by trading with Muslim ports for spices and other goods
Recovery of trade leads to increase of silver, then gold coins

22. C. The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of Christian military campaigns between 1100 and 1200
Factors causing Pope Urban II to call for the crusades included: religious zeal, knights’ willingness to engage in church sanctioned warfare, a desire for land, an interest in trade, Muslim control of Christian holy lands, and continuous pressure on Byzantium from Muslim threats
The Crusades had limited impact on the Muslim world
Largest effect of the Crusades was the end of Europe’s intellectual isolation from the rest of the world