1. VACCINOLOGY (BIO-301)
Credit Hrs 3(2-1)
Dr. Aneela javed

2. EXCIPIENTS
An excipient is a natural or synthetic substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication
Antibiotics:  are added to some vaccines to prevent the growth of bacteria during production and storage of the vaccine.
Egg protein:  is present in influenza and yellow fever vaccines as they are prepared using chicken eggs. Other proteins may be present.
Formaldehyde is used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines. Formaldehyde is also used to inactivate unwanted viruses and kill bacteria that might contaminate the vaccine during production.

3. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-phenoxyethanol are used as stabilizers in a few vaccines to help the vaccine remain unchanged when the vaccine is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity.
Thimerosal: Mercury-containing preservative effective against bacteria, has a better shelf-life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety. it has been removed from most vaccines.

4. immunological agent , formulated as part of a vaccine to enhance its ability to induce protection against infection BY
promote an earlier response,
extend the presence of antigen in the blood help absorb the antigen presenting cells antigen activate macrophages and lymphocytes support the production of cytokines
2. more potent response,
3. more persistent immune response to the vaccine

5. 4. they allow for a lower vaccine dosage
higher amount of antibodies and a longer lasting protection, thus minimizing the amount of injected foreign material.
5. enhancing antigen presentation by providing co-stimulation signals (immunomodulators).
6. subvert the immune response to particular cells type of immune system, for example by activating the T cells instead of antibody-secreting B cells depending on the type of the vaccine

6. TYPES Depot type adjuvants : are oil emulsions
can act as a depot for the antigen, presenting the antigen over a long period of time, thus maximizing the immune response before the body clears the antigen.
Irritant type Adjuvants: Inorganic compounds: 
alum, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, calcium phosphate hydroxide
causes the body to recruit and amplify its immune response.[A tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccine

7. Bacterial products: killed bacteria Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium bovis, toxoids
Nonbacterial organics: thimerosal
Delivery systems: detergents
Cytokines: IL-1, IL-2, IL-12
Combination:

8. CONCERNS
may make vaccines too reactogenic, leads to fever.
causing autoimmunity.
Increased number of narcolepsy (a chronic sleep disorder) cases in children and adolescents was observed in Scandinavian and other European countries after vaccination in 2009 due to H1N1 “swine flu” pandemic.

9. Those vaccinated with Pandemrix has almost 12 times higher risk of developing the disease.
The adjuvant of the vaccine contained vitamin E that was no more than a day’s normal dietary intake.
Nacrolepsy was previously been associated with HLA-subtype DQB1*602,
Vitamin E increases hypoceratin-specific fragments that bind to DQB1*602, leading to hypothesis that autoimmunity may arise in genetically susceptible individuals.
 However, no clinical data is available to support this hypothesis yet.