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Viruses and Bacteria Monday.

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Presentation on theme: "Viruses and Bacteria Monday."— Presentation transcript:

1 Viruses and Bacteria Monday

2 pre-test Please be quiet while taking the quiz!

3 Bacteria & Viruses

4 Bacteria are ALIVE! What does it mean to be alive?
They reproduce (make more of themselves) They need to eat They are prokaryotic cells USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

5 What are Viruses? A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells and reproduce.

6 How do bacteria reproduce?
Grow in number not in size Humans grow in size from child to adult but bacteria do not Divide in half THEY GROW EXPONENTIALLY!!!! USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

7 Binary Fission

8 How are bacteria and viruses related to disease?
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE!

9 DISEASES BACTERIA VIRUSES Influenza West Nile Virus Common Cold
Anthrax Lyme Disease Leprosy Bacterial Meningitis Strep Throat Tuberculosis Many more… Influenza West Nile Virus Common Cold AIDS/HIV Chicken Pox Ebola ZIKA Many more…

10 Make your own agar plates
Work with lab partner Please read procedure

11 Agar plates Please record our hypothesis before beginning
4 quadrants(label on your handout and plates. Please also write your name and period # ALONG THE EDGE) Partner 1 cheek sample Partner 2 finger sample Partner 1’s choice for classroom sample Partner 2’s choice for classroom sample Upon gathering your samples, you will tape Your plate shut and it may NEVER be opened Again. It is considered a biohazard!

12 What do you think you’ll see?
What are some of the areas you sampled?

13 What is bacteria? EXIT SLIP

14 Bacteria Tuesday

15 Let’s clear up some confusion!
Notes

16 includes bacteria, archaea , fungi and protists.
DEFINITONS Microbe is a term for tiny creatures that individually are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. includes bacteria, archaea , fungi and protists.

17 Prokaryotic…which means?
Bacteria are: Unicellular Prokaryotic…which means? Fact: Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion (1,000,000,000) bacteria.  

18

19 How clean are our hands? LAB!
Please read the procedure and make your hypothesis!

20 Got Soap?

21 The best prevention against infectious disease is…
Handwashing!

22 Water, soap and friction wash away…
Bacteria Viruses Parasites Yeasts Fungi that can cause disease.

23 How many diseases can be spread by not washing your hands?
Trivia Time!!! How many diseases can be spread by not washing your hands?

24 Over 200!

25 How many people stop to wash their hands after using the bathroom?
Only 1 in 3!!! (or 33%)

26 20 seconds for older children and adults 10 seconds for young children
How long should you scrub your hands when washing? 10 – 20 seconds 20 seconds for older children and adults 10 seconds for young children

27 Germ Killing Techniques
Wet hands with water. Apply soap. Scrub all surfaces of hands for 10 to 20 seconds. Rinse thoroughly under running water. Dry hands completely with a paper towel. Turn off water with the paper towel.

28 When Should You Wash? After using the restroom Before and after eating
Before applying make-up, inserting contacts, using eye drops, etc. After petting animals Before and after food preparation After taking care of sick people After handling money When hands feel dirty What about in the classroom?

29 Why Make Such A Big Deal Out Of Handwashing?
These organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye are powerful and given the opportunity, they will infect you. They can make you sick for the day, for months, or even cause death. They are not concerned about who they infect so everyone is at risk. The young, elderly and those with a compromised immune system are particularly vulnerable. Even if you do not get sick from some germs you pick up, the person you unknowingly spread it to could have serious complications.

30 Time for a few definitions…

31 Germs or Microorganisms
Infectious Diseases Diseases caused by germs that are passed person- to-person. Microscopic, one-celled living organisms. Bacteria and viruses are both considered microorganisms.

32 Germs Are Everywhere!

33 There must be other ways to protect myself in addition to handwashing…

34 The germs that cause the common cold can live on a tissue for how many days and remain infectious?

35 Clean vs. Dirty hands Culture of Clean Hands Culture of dirty hands

36 Be on the lookout for germs!

37 WASH YOUR HANDS! And remember… No Matter Who You Are…
No Matter What You Do… WASH YOUR HANDS!

38 How can you get sick from your hands?
EXIT SLIP How can you get sick from your hands?

39 VIRUSES AND BACTERIA wednesday

40 What makes viruses unique?
Doesn’t belong to any kingdom -It’s not a plant or an animal. -It’s not a fungi, protist, or bacteria.

41 A virus is an infectious agent made up of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a protein coat called a capsid. Viruses have no nucleus, no organelles, no cytoplasm or cell membrane—Non-cellular This is why it does NOT belong to any kingdom. vs

42 Bacteriophage—viruses that infect bacteria
Capsid (protein coat) inside contains either RNA or DNA 2. Flu (influenza), HIV DNA or RNA Surface Marker Capsid (protein coat)

43 Common Virus Shapes:

44 Certain viruses can only attack certain cell types
Certain viruses can only attack certain cell types. They are said to be specific. Example: The rabies virus only attacks brain or nervous cells. Surface Markers Virus Receptor Sites It’s like the pieces of a puzzle. The ends have to match up so only certain pieces fit. Cell

45 A virus recognizes cells it can infect by matching its surface marker with a receptor site on a cell. Virus Surface Markers Cell Receptor Sites

46 Virus Living Cell RNA or DNA core (center), protein coat (capsid)
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, organelles Structure Copies itself only inside host cell--REPLICATION Asexual or Sexual Reproduction DNA and RNA Genetic Material DNA or RNA Growth and Development NO YES—Multicellular Organisms Obtain and Use Energy NO YES Response to Environment YES NO Change over time NO YES

47 How are diseases caused by viruses?
They cause disease by either damaging or killing cells First attaches itself to a healthy cell and then injects its DNA or RNA into cell Then replicates once inside infected cell No Cure, just prevention with vaccine. What are vaccines? a substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific viruses or bacteria..

48 Movie time Ebola Crisis

49 How does ebola spread in the movie? Is it a bacteria or virus?
EXIT SLIP

50 Bacteria and VIRUSes Thursday

51 How does a disease spread?

52 Epidemiology Epi = upon Demos = people Ology = science
Epidemiology = the science which deals with what falls upon people….. Epidemiologist public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans

53 A case is a risk factor … Infection in one person can be transmitted to others (www)

54 Transmission Cases Index – the first case identified
Primary – the case that brings the infection into a population Secondary – infected by a primary case Tertiary – infected by a secondary case P S T Susceptible Immune Sub-clinical Clinical

55 Virus spreading lab Please be quiet as we walk through the hallway to the main staircase!

56 What is an index case? Exit slip

57 Virus and bacteria Friday

58 Do not write anything down until Ms.S tells you!
What is bacteria? Do not write anything down until Ms.S tells you!

59 What are bacteria? Single celled organisms Very small
E. Coli O157:H7 can make you very sick. What are bacteria? Single celled organisms Very small Need a microscope to see Can be found on most materials and surfaces Billions on and in your body right now Streptococcus can cause strep throat. This E. coli helps you digest food. USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

60 Bacteria are ALIVE! What does it mean to be alive?
They reproduce (make more of themselves) They need to eat USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

61 What do they look like? Some exist as single cells, others
cluster together Bacilli Cocci Spiral Cluster of cocci USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

62 Bacteria contain: a singular, circular piece of DNA tiny circular pieces of DNA called plasmids ribosomes

63 short, thicker outgrowths that help cell to attach to surfaces
Some bacteria have: flagella locomotion pili short, thicker outgrowths that help cell to attach to surfaces

64 How do bacteria reproduce?
Grow in number not in size Humans grow in size from child to adult Make copies of themselves by dividing in half Human parents create a child USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

65 Bacteria reproduce: Asexually (mitosis) using binary fission.

66 Bacteria Characteristics
aerobic-meaning that they require oxygen in order to survive Sounds like “air”-> oxygen Other bacteria are anaerobes, meaning that they do not require oxygen to survive. Most bacteria are harmless and offer beneficial functions to living things and humanity. Where do you think some bacteria live that is beneficial to humans? Write this down!

67 A Closer Look – Helpful Bacteria
Pediococcus - used in production of fermented meats Lactobacillus casei – found in human intestines and mouth to improve digestion Leuconostoc cremoris – used in the production of buttermilk and sour cream Lactobacillus bulgaricus – used in the production of yogurt

68 How do bacteria eat? Photosynthetic bacteria Some make their own food from sunlight—like plants Some are scavengers Share the environment around them Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfast Some are warriors (pathogens) They attack other living things Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acne Harmless bacteria on the stomach lining E. Coli O157:H7 is a pathogen USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

69 DISCUSSION What type of growth do bacteria exhibit? Exponential
What are the two kingdoms of bacteria? Archaebacteria – oldest organisms on earth, live in extreme conditions Eubacteria – “true” bacteria

70 Archaebacteria Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments
They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments Called the Ancient bacteria Subdivided into 3 groups: Methanogens Thermoacidophiles Extreme Halophiles Write this down!

71 Methanogens Live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen)
Found in swamps, sewage treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomach Produce marsh (methane) gas Write this down!

72 Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles
Extreme Halophiles Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles Live in very salty water Use salt to generate ATP (energy) Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants Live in extremely hot environments Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid

73 How do bacteria affect us?

74 What is a pathogen? Bacteria that make you sick
Write this down! Bacteria that make you sick Why do they make you sick? To get food they need to survive and reproduce How do they make you sick? They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy body tissue USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

75 Where do you get a pathogen?
Indirect contact Contact with people who are sick Direct or indirect Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminated Foods that could be contaminated Direct contact

76 A Closer Look – Where do you get a pathogen
Write this down! Direct Contact Indirect Contact Foods and water may be contaminated

77 Are all bacteria pathogens?
No, most are harmless Some are even helpful Examples of helpful bacteria: Lactobacillus: makes cheese, yogurt, & buttermilk and produces vitamins in your intestine Leuconostoc: makes pickles & sauerkraut Pediococcus: makes pepperoni, salami, & summer sausage USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

78 A Closer Look – Helpful Bacteria
Pediococcus - used in production of fermented meats Lactobacillus casei – found in human intestines and mouth to improve digestion Leuconostoc cremoris – used in the production of buttermilk and sour cream Lactobacillus bulgaricus – used in the production of yogurt

79 What are some common pathogens?
E. coli O157:H7 Pathogenic E. coli (like O157:H7) Found in ground beef, contaminated fruits and vegetables Salmonella Found in raw meats, poultry, eggs, sprouts, fruit and vegetables Listeria Found in deli foods, lunch meats, smoked fish and vegetables Salmonella Listeria

80 What shape are these bacteria? Cocci, bacilli, or spiral?
Examples of Pathogens Salmonella E. coli O157:H7 What shape are these bacteria? Cocci, bacilli, or spiral? Staphylococcus aureus Campylobacter jejuni

81 How can I avoid pathogens?
Wash your hands often so you won’t transfer bacteria to your mouth or food Warm water with soap for 20 seconds, rub hard between fingers and nails Cook food thoroughly to kill any pathogens that may be in your food Store food properly to limit pathogen growth Cold temperatures (40F) USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

82 What is the definition of Disease?
Any change that disrupts the normal function of one or more body systems. What are Noninfectious diseases? Noninfectious diseases: Diseases caused by exposure to certain chemicals or traits that are inherited. Name one! What are infectious diseases? Infectious diseases: Diseases caused by a pathogen . What is a pathogen? any microbe that causes disease

83 How are Infectious Diseases Spread?
Infectious disease can be spread through: 1. contact with an infected person ex: Influenza (V) 2. contact with a contaminated object ex: Athleteis foot (F) or Influenza (V) 3. contact with an infected animal ex: Lyme Disease (B): Bite from infected tick contact with an environmental source.

84 Diseases Caused by Bacteria
How are bacterial infections cured or treated? Use antibiotics to cure bacterial infections What are antibiotics? a chemical that can kill bacteria without harming a person’s cell What is antibiotic resistance? Bacteria can develop a resistance to antibiotic and will no longer kill This is what happens when you do not take medicine completely

85 Review discussion Bacteria Viruses What are pathogens?
What is an infectious disease? What do bacteria have that helps them move? What are the three shapes of bacteria? What are viruses? How do they spread?

86 Are viruses living? NO ONE
How many characteristics of life do viruses possess? ONE *Genetic Material Are viruses living? NO

87 Virus Living Cell RNA or DNA core (center), protein coat (capsid)
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, organelles Structure Copies itself only inside host cell--REPLICATION Asexual or Sexual Reproduction DNA and RNA Genetic Material DNA or RNA Growth and Development NO YES—Multicellular Organisms Obtain and Use Energy NO YES Response to Environment YES NO Change over time NO YES

88 21_03 Lytic and lysogenic cycles
Slide number: 1 Release: New viruses leave host cell. 5. Bacterial cell wall Bacterial chromosome capsid nucleic acid Attachment: Capsid combines with receptor. 1. Maturation: Assembly of viral components. 4. a. Lytic cycle Penetration: Viral DNA enters host. 2. Biosynthesis: Viral components are synthesized. 3. b. Lysogenic cycle prophage Integration: Viral DNA passed on when bacteria reproduce. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

89 How are diseases caused by viruses?
Is there a cure for viral diseases? Can we use antibiotics? Why or why not?

90 Measles Rabies Hepatitis H1N1: Swine Flu West Nile Virus H5N1: Avian Flu

91 Agar plates Send one lab partner to Ms. S to grab your plates
THE SEAL MAY NOT BE OPENED. IT IS A BIOHAZARD Gather your data, analyze, and draw conclusions

92 How are viruses different from bacteria?
Exit Slip


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