1. Viruses and Bacteria
Monday

2. pre-test
Please be quiet while taking the quiz!

3. Bacteria & Viruses

4. Bacteria are ALIVE! What does it mean to be alive?
They reproduce (make more of themselves)
They need to eat
They are prokaryotic cells
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

5. What are Viruses?
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells and reproduce.

6. How do bacteria reproduce?
Grow in number not in size
Humans grow in size from child to adult
but bacteria do not
Divide in half
THEY GROW EXPONENTIALLY!!!!
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

7. Binary Fission

8. How are bacteria and viruses related to disease?
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE!

9. DISEASES BACTERIA VIRUSES Influenza West Nile Virus Common Cold
Anthrax
Lyme Disease
Leprosy
Bacterial Meningitis
Strep Throat
Tuberculosis
Many more…
Influenza
West Nile Virus
Common Cold
AIDS/HIV
Chicken Pox
Ebola
ZIKA
Many more…

10. Make your own agar plates
Work with lab partner
Please read procedure

11. Agar plates Please record our hypothesis before beginning
4 quadrants(label on your handout and
plates. Please also write your name and
period # ALONG THE EDGE)
Partner 1 cheek sample
Partner 2 finger sample
Partner 1’s choice for classroom sample
Partner 2’s choice for classroom sample
Upon gathering your samples, you will tape
Your plate shut and it may NEVER be opened
Again. It is considered a biohazard!

12. What do you think you’ll see?
What are some of the areas you sampled?

13. What is bacteria?
EXIT SLIP

14. Bacteria
Tuesday

15. Let’s clear up some confusion!
Notes

16. includes bacteria, archaea , fungi and protists.
DEFINITONS
Microbe is a term for tiny creatures that individually are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
includes bacteria, archaea , fungi and protists.

17. Prokaryotic…which means?
Bacteria are:
Unicellular
Prokaryotic…which means?
Fact: Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion (1,000,000,000) bacteria.  

19. How clean are our hands? LAB!
Please read the procedure and make your hypothesis!

20. Got Soap?

21. The best prevention against infectious disease is…
Handwashing!

22. Water, soap and friction wash away…
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Yeasts
Fungi
that can cause disease.

23. How many diseases can be spread by not washing your hands?
Trivia Time!!!
How many diseases can be spread by not washing your hands?

24. Over 200!

25. How many people stop to wash their hands after using the bathroom?
Only 1 in 3!!! (or 33%)

26. 20 seconds for older children and adults 10 seconds for young children
How long should you scrub your hands when washing?
10 – 20 seconds
20 seconds for older children and adults
10 seconds for young children

27. Germ Killing Techniques
Wet hands with water.
Apply soap.
Scrub all surfaces of hands for 10 to 20 seconds.
Rinse thoroughly under running water.
Dry hands completely with a paper towel.
Turn off water with the paper towel.

28. When Should You Wash? After using the restroom Before and after eating
Before applying make-up, inserting contacts, using eye drops, etc.
After petting animals
Before and after food preparation
After taking care of sick people
After handling money
When hands feel dirty
What about in the classroom?

29. Why Make Such A Big Deal Out Of Handwashing?
These organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye are powerful and given the opportunity, they will infect you.
They can make you sick for the day, for months, or even cause death.
They are not concerned about who they infect so everyone is at risk. The young, elderly and those with a compromised immune system are particularly vulnerable.
Even if you do not get sick from some germs you pick up, the person you unknowingly spread it to could have serious complications.

30. Time for a few definitions…

31. Germs or Microorganisms
Infectious Diseases
Diseases caused by germs that are passed person- to-person.
Microscopic, one-celled living organisms. Bacteria and viruses are both considered microorganisms.

32. Germs Are Everywhere!

33. There must be other ways to protect myself in addition to handwashing…

34. The germs that cause the common cold can live on a tissue for how many days and remain infectious?

35. Clean vs. Dirty hands Culture of Clean Hands Culture of dirty hands

36. Be on the lookout for germs!

37. WASH YOUR HANDS! And remember… No Matter Who You Are…
No Matter What You Do…
WASH YOUR HANDS!

38. How can you get sick from your hands?
EXIT SLIP
How can you get sick from your hands?

39. VIRUSES AND BACTERIA
wednesday

40. What makes viruses unique?
Doesn’t belong to any kingdom
-It’s not a plant or an animal.
-It’s not a fungi, protist, or bacteria.

41. A virus is an infectious agent made up of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a protein coat called a capsid.
Viruses have no nucleus, no organelles, no cytoplasm or cell membrane—Non-cellular
This is why it does NOT belong to any kingdom. vs

42. Bacteriophage—viruses that infect bacteria
Capsid (protein coat)
inside contains either
RNA or DNA
2. Flu (influenza), HIV
DNA or RNA
Surface Marker
Capsid (protein coat)

43. Common Virus Shapes:

44. Certain viruses can only attack certain cell types
Certain viruses can only attack certain cell types. They are said to be specific.
Example: The rabies virus only attacks brain or nervous cells.
Surface Markers
Virus
Receptor Sites
It’s like the pieces of a puzzle. The ends have to match up so only certain pieces fit.
Cell

45. A virus recognizes cells it can infect by matching its surface marker with a receptor site on a cell.
Virus
Surface Markers
Cell
Receptor Sites

46. Virus Living Cell RNA or DNA core (center), protein coat (capsid)
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, organelles
Structure
Copies itself only inside host cell--REPLICATION
Asexual or Sexual
Reproduction
DNA and RNA
Genetic Material
DNA or RNA
Growth and Development NO
YES—Multicellular Organisms
Obtain and Use Energy NO
YES
Response to Environment
YES NO
Change over time NO
YES

47. How are diseases caused by viruses?
They cause disease by either damaging or killing cells
First attaches itself to a healthy cell and then injects its DNA or RNA into cell
Then replicates once inside infected cell
No Cure, just prevention with vaccine.
What are vaccines?
a substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific viruses or bacteria..

48. Movie time
Ebola Crisis

49. How does ebola spread in the movie? Is it a bacteria or virus?
EXIT SLIP

50. Bacteria and VIRUSes
Thursday

51. How does a disease spread?

52. Epidemiology Epi = upon Demos = people Ology = science
Epidemiology = the science which deals with what falls upon people…..
Epidemiologist
public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans

53. A case is a risk factor …
Infection in one person can be transmitted to others
(www)

54. Transmission Cases Index – the first case identified
Primary – the case that brings the infection into a population
Secondary – infected by a primary case
Tertiary – infected by a secondary case P S T
Susceptible
Immune
Sub-clinical
Clinical

55. Virus spreading lab
Please be quiet as we walk through the hallway to the main staircase!

56. What is an index case?
Exit slip

57. Virus and bacteria
Friday

58. Do not write anything down until Ms.S tells you!
What is bacteria?
Do not write anything down until Ms.S tells you!

59. What are bacteria? Single celled organisms Very small
E. Coli O157:H7 can make you very sick.
What are bacteria?
Single celled organisms
Very small
Need a microscope to see
Can be found on most materials and surfaces
Billions on and in your
body right now
Streptococcus can cause strep throat.
This E. coli helps you digest food.
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

60. Bacteria are ALIVE! What does it mean to be alive?
They reproduce (make more of themselves)
They need to eat
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

61. What do they look like? Some exist as single cells, others
cluster together
Bacilli
Cocci
Spiral
Cluster of cocci
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

62. Bacteria contain:
a singular, circular piece of DNA
tiny circular pieces of DNA called plasmids
ribosomes

63. short, thicker outgrowths that help cell to attach to surfaces
Some bacteria have:
flagella
locomotion
pili
short, thicker outgrowths that help cell to attach to surfaces

64. How do bacteria reproduce?
Grow in number not in size
Humans grow in size from child to adult
Make copies of themselves by dividing in half
Human parents create a child
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

65. Bacteria
reproduce:
Asexually
(mitosis) using binary fission.

66. Bacteria Characteristics
aerobic-meaning that they require oxygen in order to survive
Sounds like “air”-> oxygen
Other bacteria are anaerobes, meaning that they do not require oxygen to survive.
Most bacteria are harmless and offer beneficial functions to living things and humanity.
Where do you think some bacteria live that is beneficial to humans?
Write this down!

67. A Closer Look – Helpful Bacteria
Pediococcus - used in production of fermented meats
Lactobacillus casei – found in human intestines and mouth to improve digestion
Leuconostoc cremoris – used in the production of buttermilk and sour cream
Lactobacillus bulgaricus – used in the production of yogurt

68. How do bacteria eat?
Photosynthetic bacteria
Some make their own food from sunlight—like plants
Some are scavengers
Share the environment around them
Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfast
Some are warriors (pathogens)
They attack other living things
Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acne
Harmless bacteria on the stomach lining
E. Coli O157:H7
is a pathogen
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

69. DISCUSSION What type of growth do bacteria exhibit? Exponential
What are the two kingdoms of bacteria?
Archaebacteria – oldest organisms on earth, live in extreme conditions
Eubacteria – “true” bacteria

70. Archaebacteria Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments
They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments
Called the Ancient bacteria
Subdivided into 3 groups:
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
Extreme Halophiles
Write this down!

71. Methanogens Live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen)
Found in swamps, sewage treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals
Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomach
Produce marsh (methane) gas
Write this down!

72. Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles
Extreme Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles
Live in very salty water
Use salt to generate ATP (energy)
Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants
Live in extremely hot environments
Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid

73. How do bacteria affect us?

74. What is a pathogen? Bacteria that make you sick
Write this down!
Bacteria that make you sick
Why do they make you sick?
To get food they need to survive and reproduce
How do they make you sick?
They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy body tissue
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

75. Where do you get a pathogen?
Indirect contact
Contact with people who are sick
Direct or indirect
Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminated
Foods that could be contaminated
Direct contact

76. A Closer Look – Where do you get a pathogen
Write this down!
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Foods and water may be contaminated

77. Are all bacteria pathogens?
No, most are harmless
Some are even helpful
Examples of helpful bacteria:
Lactobacillus: makes cheese, yogurt, & buttermilk and produces vitamins in your intestine
Leuconostoc: makes pickles & sauerkraut
Pediococcus: makes pepperoni, salami, & summer sausage
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

78. A Closer Look – Helpful Bacteria
Pediococcus - used in production of fermented meats
Lactobacillus casei – found in human intestines and mouth to improve digestion
Leuconostoc cremoris – used in the production of buttermilk and sour cream
Lactobacillus bulgaricus – used in the production of yogurt

79. What are some common pathogens?
E. coli O157:H7
Pathogenic E. coli
(like O157:H7)
Found in ground beef, contaminated fruits and vegetables
Salmonella
Found in raw meats, poultry, eggs, sprouts, fruit and vegetables
Listeria
Found in deli foods, lunch meats, smoked fish and vegetables
Salmonella
Listeria

80. What shape are these bacteria? Cocci, bacilli, or spiral?
Examples of Pathogens
Salmonella
E. coli O157:H7
What shape are these bacteria? Cocci, bacilli, or spiral?
Staphylococcus aureus
Campylobacter jejuni

81. How can I avoid pathogens?
Wash your hands often so you won’t transfer bacteria to your mouth or food
Warm water with soap for 20 seconds, rub hard between fingers and nails
Cook food thoroughly to kill any pathogens that may be in your food
Store food properly to limit pathogen growth
Cold temperatures (40F)
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

82. What is the definition of Disease?
Any change that disrupts the normal function of one or more body systems.
What are Noninfectious diseases?
Noninfectious diseases: Diseases caused by exposure to certain chemicals or traits that are inherited.
Name one!
What are infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases: Diseases caused by a pathogen .
What is a pathogen?
any microbe that causes disease

83. How are Infectious Diseases Spread?
Infectious disease can be spread through:
1. contact with an infected person
ex: Influenza (V)
2. contact with a contaminated object
ex: Athleteis foot (F) or Influenza (V)
3. contact with an infected animal
ex: Lyme Disease (B): Bite from infected tick
contact with an environmental source.

84. Diseases Caused by Bacteria
How are bacterial infections cured or treated?
Use antibiotics to cure bacterial infections
What are antibiotics?
a chemical that can kill bacteria without harming a person’s cell
What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria can develop a resistance to antibiotic and will no longer kill
This is what happens when you do not take medicine completely

85. Review discussion Bacteria Viruses What are pathogens?
What is an infectious disease?
What do bacteria have that helps them move?
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
What are viruses?
How do they spread?

86. Are viruses living? NO ONE
How many characteristics of life do viruses possess?
ONE
*Genetic Material
Are viruses living? NO

87. Virus Living Cell RNA or DNA core (center), protein coat (capsid)
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, organelles
Structure
Copies itself only inside host cell--REPLICATION
Asexual or Sexual
Reproduction
DNA and RNA
Genetic Material
DNA or RNA
Growth and Development NO
YES—Multicellular Organisms
Obtain and Use Energy NO
YES
Response to Environment
YES NO
Change over time NO
YES

88. 21_03 Lytic and lysogenic cycles
Slide number: 1
Release:
New viruses
leave host cell. 5.
Bacterial cell wall
Bacterial chromosome
capsid
nucleic acid
Attachment:
Capsid combines
with receptor. 1.
Maturation:
Assembly of viral
components. 4.
a. Lytic cycle
Penetration:
Viral DNA
enters host. 2.
Biosynthesis:
Viral components
are synthesized. 3.
b. Lysogenic cycle
prophage
Integration:
Viral DNA passed on
when bacteria reproduce.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

89. How are diseases caused by viruses?
Is there a cure for viral diseases?
Can we use antibiotics?
Why or why not?

90. Measles
Rabies
Hepatitis
H1N1: Swine Flu
West Nile Virus
H5N1: Avian Flu

91. Agar plates Send one lab partner to Ms. S to grab your plates
THE SEAL MAY NOT BE OPENED. IT IS A BIOHAZARD
Gather your data, analyze, and draw conclusions

92. How are viruses different from bacteria?
Exit Slip