1. Chapter 5 Preview Section 1 Fossil Fuels Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy Resources
Preview
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Concept Map

2. Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Bellringer
What does the term fossil fuel imply about the source of these fuels?
Can you make a reasonable assumption about what types of fossils the fuels have formed from? What type?
Write your answers in your science journal.

3. Chapter 5 What You Will Learn
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
What You Will Learn
Fossil fuels are important energy resources.
Fossil fuels form slowly over very long periods of time.
Fossil fuels are found and obtained in different ways.
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable and create pollution when burned.

4. Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources
The fuels that are used to run cars, planes, and factories and to generate electricity are called energy resources.
Energy resources are natural resources that humans use to generate energy.
Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels.

5. Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
A fossil fuel is a nonrenewable energy resource that forms from the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago.
Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.
When fossil fuels are burned, they release energy.

6. Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
Most of the energy released is heat.
Power plants and machines use that heat to produce electrical energy.
Electrical energy is used to power lights and electrical appliances.

7. Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
The use of a fossil fuel is limited by the way in which the fuel is obtained and by the availability of the fuel.
It is also limited by the process in which the fuel is converted into energy and by the results of that process.

8. Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels as Energy Resources, continued
Fossil fuels are used more often than other sources because they are less expensive to obtain.
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable because they take millions of years to form.
Therefore, fossil fuels must be conserved.

9. Chapter 5 Types of Fossil Fuels
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels
All living things contain the element carbon.
Fossil fuels form from the remains of living things, so fossil fuels contain carbon.
Most of the carbon in fossil fuels exists as hydrocarbons, which are hydrogen-carbon compounds.

10. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
A liquid mixture of complex hydrocarbon compounds is called petroleum.
Petroleum is commonly known as crude oil.
Petroleum is separated into several products in factories called refineries.

11. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
Examples of petroleum products include gasoline, jet fuel, plastics, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oil.
More than 40% of the world’s energy comes from petroleum products.

12. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
Petroleum products are the main fuel for airplanes, trains, boats, ships, and automobiles.
Crude oil is so valuable it is often called black gold.

13. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
A gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons is called natural gas.
Most natural gas is used for heating, but some is used for generating electrical energy.
Your kitchen stove may be powered by natural gas.

14. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
An advantage of using natural gas is that burning natural gas causes less air pollution than burning petroleum does.
However, natural gas is very flammable.
Sometimes, gas leaks lead to fires or deadly explosions.

15. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
Methane, CH4, is the main component of natural gas.
Other components, such as butane and propane, can also be separated from natural gas.
Butane and propane are used as fuel for camp stoves and outdoor grills.

16. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
The solid fossil fuel that humans use most is coal.
Coal is a fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material.
Coal was once the major source of energy in the United States.

17. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
People burned coal to heat their homes.
They also used coal for transportation.
Many trains in the 1800s and early 1900s were powered by coal-burning steam locomotives.

18. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
As cleaner alternatives became available, people reduced their use of coal.
Coal was used less because burning coal produces large amounts of air pollution.
People now use petroleum products instead of coal for transportation and they use natural gas for heating.

19. Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued
However, many power plants burn coal for heat to turn turbines that generate electrical energy.
These power plants use pollution controls such as scrubbers and filters to reduce air pollution from the burning of coal.

20. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?
All fossil fuels form from the buried remains of ancient organisms.
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
Petroleum and natural gas form mainly from the remains of microscopic sea organisms.
When these organisms die, their remains settle to the ocean floor.

21. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
The remains are buried in sediment.
Over time, the sediment is compacted and slowly becomes rock.
Through physical and chemical changes over millions of years, the remains of the organisms become petroleum and natural gas.

22. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
Under the pressure of overlying rocks and sediments, the fossil fuels can move through permeable rocks.
Permeable rocks are rocks through which fluids can move.
These permeable rocks become reservoirs that hold petroleum and natural gas.

23. Petroleum and Gas Formation
Chapter 5
Energy Resources
Petroleum and Gas Formation

24. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
The formation of petroleum and natural gas is an ongoing process.
Part of the remains of today’s sea life will become petroleum and natural gas millions of years from now.

25. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
COAL
Coal forms underground over millions of years when pressure and heat cause changes in the remains of swamp plants.
When these plants die, they sink to the bottom of the swamp.
If they do not decay completely, coal formation may begin.

26. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
The first step in coal formation is the change of plant remains into peat.
Peat is brown, crumbly matter made mostly of plant material and water.
Peat is not coal. However, in some parts of the world, peat is dried and burned for heat or as fuel.

27. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
If peat is buried in sediment, heat and pressure increase and the peat is converted into coal.
Pressure and heat force water and gases out of the coal.
As a result, the coal becomes harder, and its carbon content increases.

28. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
The amount of heat and pressure determines the type of coal that forms.
Lignite forms first, followed by bituminous coal, and finally, anthracite.
The formation of coal can stop at any stage of the process.

29. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued

30. How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued
Today, all three types of coal are mined throughout the world.
The greater the carbon content of the coal, the more cleanly the coal burns.
However, when burned, all types of coal release heat and pollute the air.

31. Where Fossil Fuels Are Found
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Where Fossil Fuels Are Found
Fossil fuels are found in many parts of the world.
Some fossil fuels are found on land. Others are found beneath the ocean in Earth’s crust.
The United States has large reserves of petroleum, natural gas, and coal.

32. Where Fossil Fuels Are Found, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Where Fossil Fuels Are Found, continued

33. Where Fossil Fuels Are Found, continued
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Where Fossil Fuels Are Found, continued
Despite its large reserves of fossil fuel, the United States imports petroleum.
More than one-half of the petroleum used by the United States is imported from the Middle East, South America, Africa, Canada, and Mexico.

34. How Fossil Fuels Are Obtained
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Fossil Fuels Are Obtained
The method that is used to obtain a fuel depends on the type of fuel and location of the fuel.
People remove petroleum and natural gas from the ground by drilling wells into rock that contains these resources.
Oil wells exist on land and in the ocean.

35. How Fossil Fuels Are Obtained, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
How Fossil Fuels Are Obtained, continued
For offshore drilling, engineers mount drills on platforms that are secured to the ocean floor, or that float at the ocean’s surface.
People obtain coal either by mining deep beneath Earth’s surface or by surface mining.
Surface mining, or strip mining, is the removal of soil and surface rock to reveal coal deposits.

36. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels
The methods of obtaining and using fossil fuels can affect the environment negatively.
When coal is burned without pollution controls, sulfur dioxide is released.
Sulfur dioxide combines with moisture in the air to produce sulfuric acid.

37. Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
Sulfuric acid is one of the acids in acid precipitation.
Acid precipitation is rain, sleet, or snow that has a high concentration of acids because of air pollutants.
Acid precipitation negatively affects wildlife, plants, buildings, and statues.

38. Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
Coal mining can create environmental problems.
Surface mining removes soil. Most plants need soil for growth, and some animals need soil for shelter.
If land is not properly restored after surface mining, wildlife habitats can be destroyed.

39. Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
Coal mining can lower water tables and can pollute water supplies with heavy metals.
The potential for underground mines to collapse endangers the lives of miners.

40. Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
Producing, transporting, and using petroleum can cause environmental problems.
In June 2000, the carrier Treasure spilled more than 400 tons of oil off the coast of South Africa.
The toxic oil coated thousands of blackfooted penguins and hindered their ability to swim or catch fish.

41. Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
Burning petroleum products causes an environmental problem called smog.
Smog is photochemical haze that forms when sunlight acts on industrial pollutants or gasoline engine exhaust.
Smog is particularly serious in cities such as Los Angeles.

42. Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
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Section 1 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued
In Los Angeles, millions of automobiles burn gasoline.
The mountains that surround Los Angeles prevent the wind from blowing the pollutants away.
This combination of factors causes smog to build up.

43. Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Bellringer
Which, if any, of the alternative energy facilities listed in this chapter might work well in your community? Support your choice with three reasons.
Write your ideas in your science journal.

44. Chapter 5 What You Will Learn
Section 2 Alternative Energy
What You Will Learn
Many types of alternative energy resources are used to generate power.
Alternative energy resources produce less pollution than fossil fuels do.
The use of alternative energy resources has both advantages and disadvantages.

45. Chapter 5 Alternative Energy
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy
Most of your energy needs are met by the use of fossil fuels.
However, a variety of technologies have been invented to convert energy from alternative sources.
Each alternative energy source has advantages and disadvantages.

46. Chapter 5 Nuclear Energy
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy
The energy released when the nuclei of atoms are split or combined is called nuclear energy.
Nuclear energy can be obtained by fission or fusion.
Fission is the process in which the nuclei of radioactive atoms are split into two or more smaller nuclei.

47. Nuclear Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy, continued
When fission takes place, a large amount of energy is released.
This energy can be used to generate electrical energy.

48. Nuclear Energy, continued
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Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy, continued
Nuclear energy produces a large amount of energy.
Because no fuel is burned, nuclear power does not cause any air pollution.
In addition, mining the fuel does not result in massive strip mines or cause the loss of wildlife habitat.

49. Nuclear Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy, continued
However, nuclear power plants produce dangerous radioactive wastes.
These wastes must be stored for a very long period of time where the radiation they emit cannot harm anyone.
A nuclear power plant could also release harmful radiation into the environment accidentally.

50. Nuclear Energy, continued
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Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy, continued
Nuclear plants must release extra heat from the fission reaction.
The heat may disrupt local ecosystems.
Thus, cooling towers must be used to cool water before it is released into local rivers or the ocean.

51. Nuclear Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy, continued
Another method of obtaining energy from nuclei is fusion.
Fusion is the joining of two or more nuclei to form a larger nucleus.

52. Nuclear Energy, continued
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Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy, continued
Fusion happens naturally in the sun and releases a large amount of energy.
Fusion has two main advantages:
1. Fusion produces few dangerous wastes.
2. The fuels for fusion cannot be exhausted, so it is a renewable source of energy.

53. Nuclear Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Nuclear Energy, continued
The main disadvantage of fusion is that the reaction can take place only at very high temperatures.
Therefore, it is difficult to control the reaction and to keep the reaction going.
Currently, the technology to make fusion an energy source is not available.

54. Chapter 5 Wind Energy Wind is one of many renewable energy resources.
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Wind Energy
Wind is one of many renewable energy resources.
Renewable energy resources can be replaced at the same rate as they are used.
Solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass energy are other renewable energy resources.

55. Renewable Energy Resources
Chapter 5
Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Resources

56. Chapter 5 Wind Energy, continued
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Wind Energy, continued
Wind is caused indirectly by solar energy because the atmosphere is heated more at middle latitudes than at other latitudes.
Because moving air has kinetic energy, energy can be harnessed from the wind.
Wind power is the use of a windmill to drive an electric generator.

57. Chapter 5 Wind Energy, continued
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Wind Energy, continued
Clusters of wind turbines can generate a large amount of electrical energy.
Wind energy is renewable and does not cause any pollution.
But, in many areas, the wind isn’t strong enough or frequent enough to generate energy on a large scale.

58. Chemical Energy from Fuel Cells
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Chemical Energy from Fuel Cells
Some vehicles are powered by energy that is generated by fuel cells.
Fuel cells power automobiles by converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
This conversion happens when hydrogen and oxygen react to form water.

59. Chemical Energy from Fuel Cells, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Chemical Energy from Fuel Cells, continued
One advantage of using fuel cells as energy sources is that fuel cells do not create pollution.
The only byproduct of fuel cells is water.
In addition, cars that use fuel cells are more efficient than cars that use gasoline.

60. Chemical Energy from Fuel Cells, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Chemical Energy from Fuel Cells, continued
The United States has been using fuel cells in space travel since the 1960s.
Fuel cells have provided space crews with electrical energy and drinking water.
Today, fuel cell technology is used to generate electrical energy in some buildings, ships, and submarines.

61. Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Solar Energy
Almost all forms of energy, such as wind energy and the energy of fossil fuels, comes from the sun.
The energy received by Earth from the sun in the form of radiation is solar energy.
Earth receives more than enough solar energy to meet all of our energy needs.

62. Solar Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Solar Energy, continued
Solar energy is a renewable resource.
Sunlight can be changed into electrical energy through the use of solar cells or photovoltaic cells.
Solar energy can also be used directly to heat buildings and to generate electrical energy.

63. Solar Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Solar Energy, continued
One of the best things about solar energy is that it doesn’t produce pollution.
However, the technology that is used to generate electrical energy from solar energy is very expensive.
Also, some climates do not have enough sunny days to benefit from solar energy.

64. Chapter 5 Hydroelectric Energy
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
Humans have used the energy of falling water for thousands of years.
Today, the energy of falling water is used to turn turbines that generate electrical energy.
Electrical energy produced by moving water is called hydroelectric energy.

65. Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Hydroelectric Energy, continued
After a dam and hydroelectric power plant are built, generating hydroelectric energy is inexpensive.
Hydroelectric energy causes no air pollution and little other pollution.
Hydroelectric energy is renewable because it is driven by the water cycle, which is driven by solar energy.

66. Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Like wind energy, hydroelectric energy is not available everywhere.
It can be produced only where large volumes of moving water can be harnessed.
Huge dams must be built on major rivers to capture enough water to generate large amounts of electrical energy.

67. Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Building a large dam necessary for a hydroelectric power plant has many costs other then financial costs.
The habitats of wildlife living in the river are disrupted.
Fish cannot migrate.

68. Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Water trapped upstream of a dam may flood farmland and wildlife habitats.
Downstream, the amount of sediment that reaches beaches and other sites is reduced.

69. Hydroelectric Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Hydroelectric Energy, continued
A dam can decrease water quality and cause erosion.
A dam also may cause flooding disasters if the dam is damaged or collapses.

70. Energy from Living Things
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Living Things
Plants gather energy from the sun and store this energy for later use.
Leaves, wood, and other parts of plants contain stored energy.
Even the dung of plant-grazing animals contains a lot of stored energy.

71. Energy from Living Things, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Living Things, continued
These sources of stored energy are called biomass.
Biomass is organic matter that can be used as an energy source.
Biomass is most commonly used in its solid form.

72. Energy from Living Things, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Living Things, continued
Cow dung can be dried and used for fuel.
Biomass can also be changed into liquid fuel.
Plants that contain sugar or starch can be made into alcohol. The alcohol can be used as fuel, or mixed with gasoline to create a fuel called gasohol.

73. Energy from Living Things, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Living Things, continued
The most common way to release biomass energy is to burn it.
When biomass is burned, it releases heat.
This heat can be used to cook food, heat a house, or to drive an engine.

74. Energy from Living Things, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Living Things, continued
Scientists estimate that 14% of the energy used in the world comes from the burning of wood and animal dung.
Biomass is a renewable resource that is inexpensive and can be replaced quickly.
However, biomass is not renewable if it is used too quickly.

75. Energy from Living Things, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Living Things, continued
If biomass is used too quickly, habitats may be destroyed and species may become extinct.
Some types of biomass production can require land that could be used for growing food.
If that land is not protected, it may become unusable in the future.

76. Energy from Within Earth
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Within Earth
When magma, or melted rock, contacts solid rock, the solid rock heats up.
If the solid rock contains groundwater, the water is heated, too.
The energy in the hot water can be used to generate electrical energy.

77. Energy from Within Earth, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Within Earth, continued
The energy produced by the heat within Earth is called geothermal energy.
Geothermal power plants pump steam and hot water from rock beneath Earth’s surface.
The hot water and steam turn turbines that generate electricity.

78. Energy from Within Earth, continued
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Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Within Earth, continued

79. Energy from Within Earth, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Within Earth, continued
Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings.
In this process, hot water and steam are used to heat a fluid. Then the fluid is pumped through a building
Energy from the fluid escapes into the building and heats the building.

80. Energy from Within Earth, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Within Earth, continued
Geothermal energy is renewable.
It comes from water heated by magma in Earth’s interior.
Because Earth’s core will be very hot for billions of years, geothermal energy will be available for a long time.

81. Energy from Within Earth, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Alternative Energy
Energy from Within Earth, continued
Geothermal energy adds few pollutants to the air or the land.
However, this energy can be used only where magma is near Earth’s surface.

82. Chapter 5
Energy Resources
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
fossil fuels
gas
solid
liquid
swamp plants
coal
natural gas
microscopic sea organisms

83. Chapter 5
Energy Resources
Concept Map

84. Chapter 5
Energy Resources
Concept Map