1. Animal Farm
George Orwell

2. George Orwell (1903 –1950) Journalist, novelist, and essayist
Also wrote 1984, a famous dystopian novel
Lower-upper-middle class: educated as a scholarship student expensive and exclusive English boarding schools
Purposely bought ragged clothes so he could live in the poorest areas of London, so he could write about it later
Observed the atrocities of the Spanish civil war, WWII, and Stalinist Russia

3. - Ethos, Pathos, and Logos – recall the purpose of each-
Animal Farm is…
An allegory: a story that carries on a second meaning. The whole story is an extended metaphor
*literal level: book about farm animals
*allegorical level: book about Bolsheviks, Stalin, and Stalin’s oppressive totalitarian dictatorship – each character, event, or thing represents someone, some event, or some thing from history
A satire: how does Orwell mock or ridicule The Bolsheviks? Stalin? Communist Soviet Union?
Full of rhetoric
- Ethos, Pathos, and Logos – recall the purpose of each-
- propaganda techniques like FEAR, EUPHEMISMS, and CARD-STACKING (using <false> “facts” to conclude)

4. Marxism
Political and social theory developed by Karl Marx in the 19th century
Eventually leads to classless society or communism where the workers communally own everything, including the rights to production
Communism, up to this point, has never achieved a classless society

5. Russian Revolution of 1917
February Revolution: army and people overthrew the inept Nicolas II, Tsar of Russia, in a nearly bloodless revolution which resulted in Provisional government
Vladimir Lenin led the October revolution, which overthrew the provisional government and based his political philosophies on those of Karl Marx
Led eventually to Stalin rising to power in 1924

6. Stalin Succeeded Lenin as leader of Russia
Fought against another Communist, Leon Trotsky, because of deep philosophical differences
Tried to modernize Russia but did so at the expense of the people
Is responsible for the deaths of millions during his political “purges” (approx. 20 million Russians died)
Created a totalitarian state in which the government controls every aspect of the lives of the citizens
Ruled with an “Iron fist”
ALL OF THESE ARE REPRESENTED IN THE NOVEL!

7. Guiding Questions: consider while reading Animal Farm…
How are the simple-minded animals manipulated?
What actions and beliefs between the animals mirror humans?
How do aspects of the novel mirror a modern society?
Are “hidden agendas” revealed prior to the animals obtaining power?
How could the animals have prevented the outcome?
What is Orwell’s purpose in writing this novel? what is he trying to teach us?

8. Something to Think About and Discuss
Life in the USA would be perfect if everyone were totally equal. Do you agree? Why or Why not?
You are designing a society in which everyone is equal. What are the laws?
What problems can you foresee that might arise in a society with enforced “equality for all”? How would you handle those problems?
Do you believe that total equality is possible, or would human nature assure that some people would eventually dominate others?