1. Animal Farm & Allegory
Making historical allegorical connections through our domain vocabulary (Chapters 1-4)

2. Historical Allegories
Chapter One:
Historical Allegories

3. Mr. Jones  Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Tsar: is a title used to designate supreme rulers. A system of government, or autocracy.
Autocracy: is a system of government in which supreme power is in the hands on one person. Dictatorship and Absolute monarchy are forms of this concentrated power.
Nicholas II was the last Tsar emperor of Russia.
He ruled from November to his forced abdication in March 1917.
His nickname was “Nicholas the Bloody.”
Mr. Jones  Tsar Nicholas II of Russia

4. Old Major  Vladimir Lenin & Karl Marx
Lenin: a Russian communist revolutionary, a politician and a political theorist who was politically active from Under his administration, Russia and the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state. He was a Marxist.
Marx: was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. He is famous for writing the Communist Manifesto.
Old Major  Vladimir Lenin & Karl Marx

5. From The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx
Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
Confiscation of the property of all immigrants and rebels.
Centralization of credit in the banks of the state, by means of a national bank with state capital and an exclusive monopoly.
Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the state.
Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state; the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and
the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
Equal obligation of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.

6. No Animal Must Ever:
Live in a house
Sleep in a bed
Wear clothes
Drink alcohol
Some tobacco
Touch money
Engage in trade

7. The Animals  Russian people
While under the Tsar, about half of all Russians were slaves, known as 'serfs', and were treated - Orwell suggests - like animals.
Old Major describes the animals' lives as “misery and slavery”, “miserable, laborious and short,” and that man is “the only creature that “consumes without producing...”
Through those lines, Orwell is picking up on the vast inequality between rich and poor in Russia.
The Animals  Russian people

8. “Beasts of England”  An allegory for…
Beasts of England, Beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the Golden future time.
Soon or late the day is coming, Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of England Shall be trod by beasts alone.
Rings shall vanish from our noses, And the harness from our back, Bit and spur shall rust forever, Cruel whips no more shall crack.
Riches more than mind can picture, Wheat and barley, oats and hay, Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels Shall be ours upon that day.
“Beasts of England”  An allegory for…
Bright will shine the fields of England, Purer shall its waters be, Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free.
For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake .
Beasts of England, Beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well, and spread my tidings Of the Golden future time.

9. Hideous in their apotheosis The kings of the mine and of the rail
Hideous in their apotheosis The kings of the mine and of the rail. Have they ever done anything other Than steal work? Inside the safeboxes of the gang, What work had created melted. By ordering that they give it back, The people want only their due.  This is the final struggle   Let us group together, and tomorrow   The Internationale   Will be the human race.
The kings made us drunk with fumes, Peace among us, war to the tyrants! Let the armies go on strike, Stocks in the air, and break ranks. If they insist, these cannibals On making heroes of us, They will know soon that our bullets Are for our own generals.   This is the final struggle   Let us group together, and tomorrow   The Internationale   Will be the human race.
Workers, peasants, we are The great party of labourers. The earth belongs only to men; The idle will go to reside elsewhere. How much of our flesh have they consumed? But if these ravens, these vultures Disappear one of these days, The sun will shine forever. This is the final struggle   Let us group together, and tomorrow   The Internationale   Will be the human race.
Stand up, people of the Earth Stand up, prisoners of starvation Reason thunders in its volcano This is the eruption of the end. Of the past let us make a clean slate Enslaved masses, stand up, stand up. The world is about to change its foundation We are nothing, let us be all.  This is the final struggle   Let us group together, and tomorrow   The Internationale   Will be the human race.
There are no supreme saviours Neither God, nor Caesar, nor tribune. Producers, let us save ourselves, Decree the common salvation. So that the thief expires, So that the spirit be pulled from its prison, Let us fan our forge ourselves Strike the iron while it is hot.  This is the final struggle   Let us group together, and tomorrow   The Internationale   Will be the human race.
The State oppresses and the law cheats. Tax bleeds the unfortunate. No duty is imposed on the rich; The rights of the poor is an empty phrase. Enough languishing in custody! Equality wants other laws: No rights without duties, she says, Equally, no duties without rights.  This is the final struggle  Let us group together, and tomorrow  The Internationale  Will be the human race.
“The Internationale”
One of the most recognizable and popular songs of the socialist movement since the late 19th century.
Was adopted it as its official anthem of socialism.
The Internationale has been celebrated by Socialists, Communists, Anarchists, Democratic Socialists, and Social Democrats.

10. Historical Allegories
Chapter Two:
Historical Allegories

11. Communism: a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Animalism  Communism

12. Jones forgetting to feed the animals…
Similarly to Nicholas II and the Russian people, Jones is not in touch with his animals.
Jones indulges when it comes to himself (alcohol) and yet forgets to feed his animals. Much like the famine Nicholas II caused by becoming entangled in WWI… He ignored the condition of his people and they starved.
Like the animal’s rebellion of breaking into food, the February Revolution of 1917 was rather random.
This lead to the abdication of Nicholas II, just like this led to the animals kicking out Jones.
Jones forgetting to feed the animals…

13. Changing the Name Manor Farm  Animal Farm
“Manor Farm” is a representation of Saint Petersburg, the imperial capital of Russia, founded by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703.
In 1914 the name of the city was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd. Then in 1924, the name changed again to Leningrad, which “Animal Farm” is an allegory for.
In 1991, the name eventually returned to Saint Petersburg… (any guess to what might happen in the book…?)
Changing the Name Manor Farm  Animal Farm

14. Background on the Russian Revolution
The Revolution occurred in two waves:
The February Revolution (March 1917) which led to getting rid of the Tsar. (Kicking out Jones)
The October Revolution (7th-8th) which is when the Bolsheviks appointed themselves as leaders of various government ministries and seized control of the countryside.
The dates are wonky because the Russians used to refer to the Julian or Old Style calendar.
Background on the Russian Revolution

15. Napoleon  Joseph Stalin
He was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920s, until his death in 1953.
He subsequently managed to consolidate power following the 1924 death of Vladimir Lenin… (like Napoleon does after Old Major Dies)
Under Stalin's rule, the concept of "Socialism in One Country" became a central tenet of Soviet society, contrary to Leon Trotsky's view that socialism must be spread through continuous international revolutions. (Just like Napoleon and Snowball disagreeing on EVERYTHING)
Napoleon  Joseph Stalin

16. Snowball  Leon Trotsky
was a Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founding leader of the Red Army.
He joined the Bolsheviks after the 1917 October Revolution, and eventually became a leader within the Communist Party.
Trotsky was removed from power in October 1927
He was expelled from the Communist Party in November 1927
He was exiled from the Soviet Union in February 1929.
On Stalin's orders, he was assassinated in Mexico in August 1940
Snowball  Leon Trotsky

17. Squealer  Propaganda Translates to: "Truth.”
It was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
It was one of the most influential papers in the country with a circulation of 11 million.
The newspaper began publication on 5 May 1912 in the Russian Empire and emerged as a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union after the October Revolution.
Squealer  Propaganda

18. Moses and “Sugarcandy Mountain”  Organized Religion
In 1914 there were:
55,173 Russian Orthodox churches.
29,593 chapels.
112,629 priests and deacons.
550 monasteries and 475 convents with a total of 95,259 monks and nuns in Russia.
Bolsheviks took power in October and declared a separation of church and state.
The Russian Orthodox Church found itself without official state backing for the first time in its history. Could be why we don’t see much of Moses around? Maybe he’s lost without Jones, without backing?
Moses and “Sugarcandy Mountain”  Organized Religion

19. Mollie  The Bourgeoisie
During the 1890s, Russia's industrial development led to a large increase in the size of the urban middle-class and of the working class
The Russian working class was comparatively stronger and the Russian bourgeoisie comparatively weaker than in the West
The working class and peasants became the first to establish political parties in Russia, because the nobility and the wealthy bourgeoisie were politically timid
Mollie  The Bourgeoisie

20. Historical Allegories
Chapter Three:
Historical Allegories

21. Boxer  The Proletariat
The term proletariat is used in Marxist theory to name the social class that does not have ownership of the means of production, and whose only means of subsistence is to sell their labor power for a wage or salary.
Boxer  The Proletariat

22. The Flags The green stands for the field of England.
The hoof and horn signified the future Republic of England of the animals which would arise when the humans had been finally overthrown.
The red flag was a traditional revolutionary symbol long before 1917.
Hammer (workers)
Sickle (peasants)
Represents the victorious and enduring revolutionary alliance.

23. Is the Committee for State Security ( In Russian: Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti)
It was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until in
The KGB was a military service and was governed by army laws and regulations, similar to the Soviet Army.
The Puppies  KGB

24. Historical Allegories
Chapter Four:
Historical Allegories

25. The Rebellion  The Bolshevik Revolution
Also known as the October Revolution.
It followed directly after the February Revolution, in the same year.
It was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils. (Much like Snowballs in chapt 3)
The October Revolution in Petrograd overthrew the provisional government and gave the power to the local soviets.
(This was the initial overthrowing of Jones, which led to the Battle of Cowshed)
The Rebellion  The Bolshevik Revolution

26. Neighboring Farms  “The White Army”
Also known as the White Guard
was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks (aka the pigs)
Pinchfield Represents Germany
Foxwood Represents the U.K.
(They lost the Battle of Cowshed)
Neighboring Farms  “The White Army”