1. Midterm Study Guide - KEY
Biology CPA

2. Scientific Method/Intro to Biology
1. What are the characteristics of living things?
Have Cells/Contain DNA
Respond to Stimuli
Ability to Reproduce
Grow & Develop
Maintain Homeostasis
Metabolism
Evolve

3. Scientific Method/Intro to Biology
2. What is the organization of living things, beginning with cells?
Cells  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism

4. Scientific Method/Intro to Biology
3. What are the steps of the scientific method?
Problem/Question
Observations
Form a hypothesis
Test hypothesis/Design an Experiment
Results/Data Analysis
Conclusion

5. Scientific Method/Intro to Biology
4. How do you calculate the power of magnification?
Multiply the ocular (10x) lens by the objective lens (4x, 10x, or 40x).

6. Light beams through a specimen
Scientific Method/Intro to Biology
5. What are the differences between a compound light microscope and an electron microscope?
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
Light beams through a specimen
Electrons through a specimen
Always 2D
Can be 3D
Simple
Complex

7. Scientific Method/Intro to Biology
6. SpongeBob notices that his pal Gary is suffering from slimotosis, which occurs when the shell develops a nasty slime and gives off a horrible odor. His friend Patrick tells him that rubbing seaweed on the shell is the perfect cure, while Sandy says that drinking Dr. Kelp will be a better cure. Sponge Bob decides to test this cure by rubbing Gary with seaweed for 1 week and having him drink Dr. Kelp. After a week of treatment, the slime is gone and Gary’s shell smells better.
What is the independent variable of this experiment?
The seaweed rubbing and Dr. Kelp.
What is the dependent variable of this experiment?
Amount of slime on shell and odor.
How might a control been included in this experiment?
If SpongeBob had a snail with no treatment and did the testing with only 1 variable.

8. Scientific Method/Intro to Biology
7. How do you properly focus a slide specimen using a compound light microscope, beginning at scanning and moving up in magnification?
Start in scanning power (4X) and use coarse adjustment
Switch to low power (10X) and use coarse adjustment knob
Switch to high power (40X) and use fine adjustment knob

9. Ecology
1. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain is a simple series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.
A food web is a more complex series of interconnected organisms using multiple types of food sources.

10. Ecology
2. Energy is transferred between trophic levels, what is the relationship between the two?
As trophic levels increase (producers, herbivores..) the amount of energy attained from the food source decreases to 10% of the previous level’s energy.

11. Ecology
3. What is the ultimate source of energy?
The sun is the ultimate source of energy.

12. Ecology
4. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and niche?
An organisms habitat is the area where the organism lives and its niche is the role that the organism plays in its environment.

13. Ecology
5. How are nutrients put back into the Earth and allow the food web to be considered a cycle of life?
Nutrients are put back into the Earth by the decomposers by breaking down all dead organisms and replace the soil with the nutrients
Nutrients are also replaced by the nutrient cycles (water, carbon and nitrogen)

14. Ecology
6. Create a food chain starting with producers with the following organisms: rabbit, grass, bacteria, eagle
Grass  rabbit  eagle  bacteria

15. Cell Structure and Function
1. How is surface area relevant to cell size?
As the cell grows in size the volume increases and so does the surface area, but at a slower rate. Cells need to be small.

16. Cell Structure and Function
2. What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Smaller
Larger
Bacteria/Archaea
Plants/Animals
Unicellular
Multicellular
No membrane bound nucleus (nucleoid)
Membrane bound nucleus

17. Cell Structure and Function
3. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant
Animal
Nucleus is off centered
Nucleus in center
Chloroplasts
Centrioles
Cell wall
Lysosomes
Central vacuole

18. Cellular Transport
1. What is the difference between a hypertonic, hypotonic, and an isotonic solution?
Hypertonic  higher concentration outside the cell
Isotonic  same concentration outside and inside the cell
Hypotonic  lower concentration outside the cell

19. Cellular Transport
2. What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic  central vacuole will release excess water and cell membrane may peel from the cell wall to shrink (turgor pressure is LOW in the vacuole)
Hypotonic  central vacuole will take in excess water until the cell membrane pushes onto the cell wall and causing the cell to bulge (turgor pressure is HIGH in the vacuole)

20. Cell Transport
3. What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic  cell will shrink
Hypotonic  cell will swell (possibly burst)

21. Cell Transport
4. What is selective permeability and how is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?
Selectively permeable means the cell membrane has the ability to choose what is allowed to enter and leave the cell. Our plasma membrane will only allow certain solutions and molecule into the cell using specific types of cellular transport.

22. Photosynthesis
1. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy from the sun and transfers it to chemical energy during the photosystem reactions.

23. Photosynthesis
2. Why do we see the color green when light is absorbed by chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll absorbs all colors from light except for green. Green is reflected therefore that is the color you see.

24. Photosynthesis
3.Where in the cell do each of the reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Light reactions  thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
Calvin cycle  stroma of the chloroplast

25. Photosynthesis
4. What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, and how do they affect them?
Temperature  Increases the rate to a certain point then decreases if too hot
CO2 concentration & Light intensity  Increases the rate to a certain point, then stays the same

26. Cellular Respiration
1. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration a circular process?
The products of one reaction are the starting reactants of the other. They compliment each other.

27. Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle ETC Cellular Respiration
2. What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis  Kreb’s Cycle  Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
ETC

28. Fermentation Lactic Acid Alcoholic
Cellular Respiration
3. What are the two types of fermentation? What are their products?
Lactic acid fermentation (product: lactic acid)
Alcoholic fermentation (product: alcohol)
Fermentation
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic

29. Cellular Respiration
4. What process produces the most amount of ATP?
The electron transport chain

30. Cell Growth & Development
1. How does DNA become more compact?
Chromatin wraps itself to form chromosomes.

31. Cell Growth & Development
2. What is the difference between a diploid and a haploid cell?
A diploid cell has two copies of each chromosome in each cell
A haploid cell only have half the amount of chromosomes in each cell

32. Cell Growth & Development
3. If the diploid number of a gorilla is 48, then what is the haploid number of its gametes?
𝟒𝟖 𝟐 = 24

33. Cell Growth & Development
4. List the stages of the cell cycle in order?
INTERPHASE (G1  S  G2)  MITOSIS (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)  CYTOKINESIS

34. Cell Growth & Development
5. Describe cytokinesis in plant cells?
Plant cells will form a cell plate in between the two daughter cells allowing them to separate into two new cells, then it will fuse to become a new cell wall.