1. Nervous system: brain, spinal cord
Dr. L. Kiss Anna
Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology,
Semmelweis University
2015

5. MACROSCOPY Enlargements: Cervical enlargement (C4-T1)
Lumbosacral enlargement (L2-S3)
Conus terminalis
Cauda equina
Filum terminale
Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves
Ganglia

6. cauda equina

7. Lumbal punction

8. MENINGES
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater:
Denticulate ligament

9. Meningeal layers of the spinal cord
ganglion
spinale
arachnoidea
fila radicularia
dorsalia
dura mater
ligamentum
denticulatum

10. Meningeal layers Dura mater: outer layer: endorachis inner layer
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
Epidural spce
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space

11. MENINGES
Epidural space
Subarachnoid space
Denticulate ligament

12. Blodd supply of the spinal cord
radicular arteries
vertebral
artery
subclavian
artery
radicular
arteries
Aortic arch
pathway of the
vertebral artery

14. Vasocorona medullaris
Vertebral artery:
a.spinalis anterior
a spinalis posterior
Radicular arteries:
cervical: vertebral a.
ascending. cerv. a.
deep cerv. a.
thoracal: intercostal aa.
lumbal: lumbal aa.
sacral: lateral sacr. art.

15. CROSS SECTION Dorsal median sulcus Gray matter White matter
Ventral median fissure
Central canal

16. Cross section of the spinal cord
post. (dors.) median
sulcus
post.
(dorsalis)horn
intermediate zone
(Th and L2-L3):
lat. horn
central canal
ant. (ventral)
horn
ant. (ventr.) median fissure

17. SPINAL CORD SEGMENT

18. SPINAL NERVES
Dorsal branch
Ventral branch

19. SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS
Spinal cord ends at the level of the L1 vertebra in adults
Lumbar and sacral roots travel several vertebrae down:
cauda equina

20. SPINAL NERVES

21. SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS
Number of segments:
8 cervical (!)
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

22. SEGMENTAL INNERVATION
Dermatomes:
segmental symptomes

23. CERVICAL PLEXUS AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Cervical plexus (C1-4):
Lesser occipital nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Transverse nerve of the neck
Supraclavicular nerves
Ansa cervicalis
Phrenic nerve
Branchial plexus (C5-T1):
Superior trunk (C5-6)
Middle trunk (C7)
Inferior trunk (C8-T1)

24. CERVICAL PLEXUS AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Branchial plexus (C5-T1):
Lateral cord (C5-7)
Lateral pectoral nerve
Musculocutaneus nerve
Median nerve (lateral root)
Medial cord (C8-T1)
Medial pectoral nerve
Medial cutaneous n. of arm
Medial cutaneous n. of forearm
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve (medial root)
Posterior cord (C5-T1)
Subscapular nerves
Thoracodorsal nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve

25. LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS Lumbar plexus (T12-L4): Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Obturator nerve
Femoral nerve
Sacral plexus (L4-S3):
Muscular branches
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve
Pudendal nerve

26. Brain

27. Brain Brain stem Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Cerebellum
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, hypophysis)
Cerebrum
Brain stem

28. MEDIANSAGITTAL SECTION
OF THE BRAIN STEM M M Mo P Mo

29. Meningeal layers of the brain
Dura mater:
falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli
sinuses: venous blood
Aracnhoir layer: cisterns CSF
Pia mater: blood vessels

31. VENTRICLES
Lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

32. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Production: choroid plexus: into ventricles
Absorption:
arachnoid villi:
from subarachnoid space
into superior sagittal sinus

33. BRAIN: Cerebrum SUPERIOR VIEW
Frontal lobe
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe

34. BRAIN: MEDIANSAGITTAL CUT
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Parietal lobe
Corpus callosum
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Transverse cerebral fissure
Temporal lobe
Cerebellum

35. BRAIN: LATERAL VIEW Parietal lobe Central sulcus Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Transverse cerebral fissure
Lateral cerebral sulcus
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
Pons
Medulla oblongata

36. praecentral gyrus
central sulcus
postcentral gyrus

38. 3rd and 5th layers-pyramidal cells

39. BRAIN: INFERIOR VIEW Longitudinal cerebral fissure Frontal lobe
Olfactory nerve (I)
Optic nerve (II)
Optic chiasm
Temporal lobe
Optic tract
Diencephalon
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebellum
Occipital lobe

40. BLOOD SUPPLY: ARTERIES
Arterial supply:
Vertebral artery
Internal carotid artery
internal carotid artery
vertebral artery

41. CIRCLE OF WILLIS Anterior communicating a. Anterior cerebral a.
Internal carotid a.
Middle cerebral a.
Posterior communicating a.
Posterior cerebral a.
Basilar a.
Vertebral a.

42. BLOOD SUPPLY: VEINS Venous drainage: Internal jugular vein: Sinuses
Cerebral veins

43. BRAIN STEM: MEDULLA Glossopharyngeal n. (IX) Vagus n. (X) Olive
Accessory n. (XI)
Pyramid
Hypoglossal n. (XII)

44. Midbrain (cross section)
tectum: sup and inf colliculi
Crus cerebri

45. BRAIN STEM Cerebral aqueduct Cerebellum Midbrain Pons Fourth ventricle
Medulla
Central canal

46. CEREBELLUM
Cerebellar
hemisphere
Vermis
Tonsil

47. CEREBELLUM Fastigial nucleus Cerebellar cortex Globose nucleus
Emboliform nucleus
White matter
Dentate nucleus

48. CEREBELLUM Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle

49. Functional division of the nervous system
Somatic Autonomic
voluntary - unvoluntary
starts and stops functions - regulates the functions (slow down-speed up)
segmental - network
sympathetic parasympathetic
thora-columbar cranio-sacral

50. Autonomic nervous system: efferent part
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
- speeds up the functions - slows down the functions
(except for digestive system) (except for the digestive system)
- empties the stores - filles in the stores
- adrenalin, noradrenalin - acetylcholine
(sympatho-adrenal system)
- last longer - shorter effect
general effect - local effect
short praeganglionic fibers -longer praeganglionic fibers
longer postganglionic fibers shorter postganglionic fibers

52. Dr. Nándor Nagy picture

53. References Lecture and pictures of Dr. Nandor Nagy Sobotta atlas
Wikipaedia