1. Behavioral Economics

2. Introduction to Behavioral Economics
Definition
Behavioral economics uses variants of traditional economic assumptions (often with a psychological motivation) to explain and predict behavior, and to provide policy prescriptions. (Laibson & List, 2015)
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

3. Introduction to Behavioral Economics
Two Systems: Kahneman
System 1 – “operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control.”
System 2 – “allocates attention to the effortful activities that demand it, including complex computations. The operations of System 2 are often associated with the subjective experience of … choice.”
Kahneman, Daniel Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

4. Introduction to Behavioral Economics
System 1 vs. System 2
System 1
System 2
Emotional
Analytic
Fast
Slow
Reflexive
Reflective
Effortless
Effortful
Impulsive
Deliberative
Short-sighted
Patient
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

5. Introduction to Behavioral Economics
The Issue
Econs – weigh the costs and benefits of alternatives before making their choices.
Humans – use costs and benefits but can be influenced by other factors when making choices.
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

6. Principles of Behavioral Economics
People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed.
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

7. Principles of Behavioral Economics
People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed.
Although we mostly care about our own material payoffs, we also care about the actions, intentions, and payoffs of others.
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

8. Principles of Behavioral Economics
People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed.
Although we mostly care about our own material payoffs, we also care about the actions, intentions, and payoffs of others.
People care (in part) about how their circumstances compare to reference points.
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

9. Principles of Behavioral Economics
People try to choose the best feasible option, but they sometimes don’t succeed.
Although we mostly care about our own material payoffs, we also care about the actions, intentions, and payoffs of others.
People care (in part) about how their circumstances compare to reference points.
People have self-control problems.
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

10. Why Do We Need to Understand Behavioral Economics?
People make mistakes when faced with certain types of decisions.
By understanding when they are likely to make mistakes, people can avoid errors.
Being a good economist means understanding when we are likely to be human!
Introduction to Behavioral Economics

11. Comparing Econs and Humans
Lesson
Econs
Humans 1
Use system 2 for all their decisions.
Use system 1 to make many routine decisions.
Carefully weigh costs and benefits to make decisions.
Make decisions on past experience or quick judgments. 2
Are not subject to cognitive biases when making decisions.
Are subject to cognitive biases when making decisions and so may use anchors and fall into relativity traps. 3
Make decisions by weighing costs and benefits equally.
Tend to weigh losses greater than gains.
Are not influenced by their current situation when making decisions.
Tend to bias to the default or to things they already have. 4
May discount costs and benefits that occur in the future.
May have self-control problems and discount the future too much or be subject to present bias, causing inconsistent decisions. 5
Only use costs and benefits to make decisions.
May make decisions based on fairness or for other emotional factors such as whether work is meaningful.
Introduction to Behavioral Economics