1. ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΔΠΜΣ “ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ”
Β10. Βιόμαζα (Βιοενέργεια)
D. Koullas, Dr. Chem. Engineer
Pr. E.G. Koukios, Dr. Chem. Engineer
L. Karaoglanoglou, Dr. Chem. Engineer
& Other Research Team members
School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, GR

2. Τεχνολογίες βιο-διύλισης – Βιο-διυλιστήρια
Τεχνολογίες βιο-διύλισης – Βιο-διυλιστήρια

3. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction
Biorefinery
Defining biorefinery concept
Fermentative Biohydrogen under Biorefinery Approach
Biorefinery examples – Sugar Beet
Biorefinery examples – Lignocellulosic biorefinery
Socioeconomic dimension
Foggia, July, 12th 2012

4. Defining Biorefineries – some theory!
Multi-product/service biomass processing systems, consisting of sequences including
Feedstock handling & storage
Pretreatment (physical, chemical, biological)
Fractionation to main and co-products
Product & co-product upgrading
Product & co-product marketing
Integrated material/energy/economic flows
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

5. Defining Biorefineries – some theory!
Biorefinery concept

6. Biorefinery Concepts in Europe

7. Biorefinery Concepts in Europe
Biorefinery Concepts in Europe

8. Designing Efficient Biorefineries
Two refinery models are currently available:
AGRO-Refineries: Agro-food & Forestry processing systems, e.g.
Sugar factories,
Pulp & paper mills
PETRO-Refineries: Fossil hydrocarbon processing systems, e.g.
Petroleum refineries,
Petrochemical industries
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

9. Main Points for Debate
The 1st generation of biomass refineries as a “hybrid” between Agro & Petro refineries ?
Critical parameters to be considered for optimal Biorefineries:
Biomass Logistics
Biomass Fractionation Kinetics
Process Energetics
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

10. Biomass Logictics at Biorefinery Level
Need for learning from the food and wood supply chains regarding critical points, i.e.
Feedstock sensitivity to physical, chemical and biological agents, e.g., during storage
Highly variable seasonable and annual patterns of feedstock procurement & quality
Need to involve in decision-making a large number of logistic chain actor
High heterogeneity of resource flows
High logistic-related risks
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

11. Biohydrogen Implications of Logistics
Deployment of decentralised, stage-wise biorefinery systems of complex typology:
A large number of feedstock-specific, local agro-refineries, e.g., performing extractive fractionation of a local bio-waste sugars
A small number of regional biorefineries, processing plants and residues, e.g. straws to fermentable sugars and co-products
A few central bioconversion units e.g. for H2 generation from various substrates as above
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

12. Biomass Fractionation Kinetics
Need for learning from the complex process structure of the petroleum & petrochemical industries regarding critical points, i.e.
Depolymerising target macromolecules, e.g. polysaccharides, to active mono/oligo-mers
Maximising yield & quality of target molecules received as process intermediates, e.g. sugars
Developing appropriate pretreatments and fractionations to optimise the above efforts
Use of rigorous engineering kinetic models
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

13. Biohydrogen Implications of Kinetics
Development of a toolbox of concepts, models, processes and indices to optimise yield and quality of fermentable sugars:
Characterisation of the relative “resistance” of the feedstock saccharides to solubilisation
Mapping the technical potential of feedstocks by a novel technique (spider diagramme)
Developing tailored-up biorefinery prototypes for most promising feedstocks, including pretreatment, fractionation and co-products
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

14. An Example: Wheat Bran Biorefinery
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

15. Optimising the Co-product Profile
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

16. Biomass Refining Energetics
Need for learning to optimise the energy performance vs. other effects of the two biorefinery models:
AGRO-refineries are not governed by energy economy principles, i.e., for their energy needs consume 30-50% of the feedstock energy value
PETRO-refineries operate within the energy economy, i.e., for their energy needs consume only 3-5% of the feedstock energy value
BIO-refineries should make the best of both worlds
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

17. Biohydrogen Implications of Energetics
Development of special bioenergetic plans and strategies to support BIO-refineries, bridging AGRO & PETRO refineries:
The challenge of combining the advantages of each and avoiding its weaknesses,
Introducing low energy handling, pretreatment, fractionation, and product/co-product upgrade processes – Explore energy use of co-products
Avoid “hidden” fossil energy sinks at all costs!
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

18. Biohydrogen Implications of Biorefining
Overall, biohydrogen is expected to occupy a part of the whole Hydrogen Economy
To maximise its potential, appropriate biorefining strategies have to be formulated
Logistic, kinetic and energetic parameters are expected to play critical roles in these plans
Co-products of biohydrogen biorefineries can be considered as an additional “key” for the success of these efforts.
Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:147–151

19. Παράδειγμα: Σακχαρούχο σόργο = φλοιός + ψύχα
Διαφορές στη σύσταση, δομή ...., άρα κλασμάτωση

20. Fractionation of sweet sorghum

21. Fractionation of sweet sorghum

22. Fractionation of sweet sorghum

23. Fractionation of sweet sorghum

24. Παράδειγμα:
Τεύτλο = ίνα + πρωτεΐνη + ζάχαρη + αιθανόλη

25. Sugar Production Plant
Sugar Beet Leaves (SBL)

26. BIOREFINERY STRATEGY (B) Fractionation of Sugar Beet Leaves (SBL) To Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC), Leaf Fibre, and Brown Juice Let’s consider we have co-products & not by-products nor wastes!! (e.g. leaf protein production or biogas production from leaves or from pulp)

27. Sugar beet based activities in EU

28. SBL Fractionation Protocol (Part 1)
H2O
2 samples
leaves
Green juice
washing
1st pulping
weighing
1st pulp pressing
pulp
fibre
H2O
fibre
fibre
fibre
H2O
2nd pulping
2nd pulp pressing
weighing
3rd pulp pressing
Final fibre
Green juice
2 samples to analyze
Green juice
weighing
weighing
Final Leaf Fibre to storage
weighing
Green juice storage A

29. SBL Fractionation Protocol (Part 2)
pH Adjustment
weighing
Coagulation of proteins in the green pulp
sample to analyze
Dark juice
Dark juice effluent
Separation
weighing
Wet LPC cake
sample to analyze
Dry LPC storage
Drying
weighing

30. Sugar Beet Leaves - Results
Sugar Beet Harvesting (Beta vulgaris in Larissa) #
Month
1st
July
2nd
August
3rd
September
4th
October

31. SBL Characteristics 1st 6,70 3,15 6,6 2nd 8,28 4,61 6,7 3rd 9,28 4,27
Harvesting
Leaf DM (Dry Matter, %)
LeavesN in DM
(%)
pH of Green Juice
1st
6,70
3,15
6,6
2nd
8,28
4,61
6,7
3rd
9,28
4,27
6,5
4th
10,47
3,90
6,8

32. SBL DM Fractionation Efficiency (%)
Harvesting
LPC
Fibres
Dark juice
1st
15,2
60,80
24,00
2nd
14,21
39,02
46,77
3rd
15,08
49,57
35,36
4th
14,96
46,12
38,92

33. SBL N Fractionation Efficiency*
Harvesting
LPC
(%)
Fibre
Dark juice
1st
33,0
39,0
28,0
2nd
23,7
31,3
45,0
3rd
25,5
41,9
32,6
4th
26,8
43,2
30,0
* Distribution of 100 g Leaf N in the SBL fractions

35. Strategic Elements of Biorefining
Whole-Crop Harvesting
Mobile Leaf Fractionation Unit
Optimisation of SBP Bioconversion Potential
Value of SBP Bioconversion Residue
Use of Fractionation Residues as Feed to replace SBP
LPC-based Products to Upgrade Sugar Chain Value
Possible Uses of Brown Juice (soil, substrate, …)
Optimise the logistics of Wet Biomass and Fractions

36. Γενικευμένες δομές

37. Biorefinery 1 (from literature)

38. Biorefinery 2 (from literature)

39. Theoretical concepts, non-existing forms (generally)
However, one was constructed (on purpose) by the Whole-crop Biorefinery project on the island of Bornholm, in the Baltic Sea (DK)

40. Whole-crop Biorefinery project
line
raw material
products
Dry straw fractionation
Whole-crop
chips – meal (leaves, nodes)
Semi-wet straw fractionation
Straw chips
Defibrated material
Dry wheat process
Wheat
Bakery flour, industrial flour, bran
Semi-wet wheat process
industrial flour, bran
Starch extraction (wheat)
industrial flour
Wheat starch, gluten, by-product for feeding
Enzymic rapeseed process
rapeseed
Rapeseed oil, rape protein
By-products: syrup & hulls

41. Dry straw fractionation
Whole-crop Biorefinery project

42. Result: Mechanical fractionation (mills & separators) to fractions rich/poor in various components, produce fibres for paper, etc.
Whole-crop Biorefinery project

43. Dry straw fractionation
Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 8, No. 6, pp , 1995
Whole-crop Biorefinery project

44. Dry straw fractionation
Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 8, No. 6, pp , 1995
Whole-crop Biorefinery project

45. Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 419426, 1995
Whole-crop Biorefinery project

46. Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 419426, 1995
Whole-crop Biorefinery project

47. Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 419426, 1995
Whole-crop Biorefinery project

48. Socioeconomic dimension
(July 02, 2012)

49. Level of knowledge of EU citizens
Socioeconomic dimension
Level of knowledge of EU citizens
(July 02, 2012)

50. Socioeconomic dimension
Biorefinery based business potential

52. Το βιοδιυλιστήριο των μικροφυκών
Βιοντίζελ για καύσιμο (high volume-low cost)
Χημικά, πρόσθετα (low volume-high cost)
Χρήση καυσαερίων (CO2)
Χρήση λυμάτων ή αλμυρού νερού

53. Biorefinery approach – Potential co-products

54. Algal biorefinery overview

55. Biorefinery combining dual purpose microalgae-bacteria based systems of wastewater and Arthrospira cultivation using anaerobic effluents for the production of biofuels and high-value added products

56. Large scale algae production process including the additional process steps for the exploitation of the carbohydrates according to the specific approach

57. Markets and substitute products for algal biorefineries

58. Two alternative co-product scenarios

59. Fossil Fuel Subsidies Cost $5 Trillion Annually and Worsen Pollution

60. http://www. scientificamerican

61. ???

62. The International Monetary Fund notes that subsides for burning fossil fuels enrich the wealthy and make air pollution worse