1. WWI

2. As European countries formed alliances and increased the size of their armed forces, they set the stage for a global war. All they needed was a good reason to mobilize troops. Another crisis in the Balkans of led directly to the conflict. When a Serbian terrorist assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife.

3. Sec. 1 The Road to WWI FOUR MAIN CAUSES OF WWI:
ALLIANCES: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy)/ Triple Entente (France, Great Britain, Russia)
MILITARISM - aggressive build-up of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations.
NATIONALISM- Intense pride in one’s homeland.
IMPERIALISM- a country can increase its power and wealth by controlling other people.

4. Triple Alliance (Central Powers) v. Triple Entente (Allies)

5. A Terrorist Attack Brings War
In July 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne), visited Bosnian capital of Sarajevo
As he and his wife rode through the city, Gavrilo Princip (Bosnian-Serb revolutionary) rushed their open car and shot the couple to death.
The Guns of August
Black Hand
Terrorist Group

6. The Alliances WORLD WAR I HAD BEGUN (1914)
On July 28,1917- Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia w/ the supp. of Germany, blamed Serbia for the attack.
Serbia counted on czar Nicholas II from Russia to back them up, & the Russians counted on France.
August 1, Germany declared war on Russia.
Two days later, it declared war on France…
WORLD WAR I HAD BEGUN (1914)

7. Germany’s Plan Fails: “The Schlieffen Plan”- Germany’s plan for a two-front war with Russia and France, which had formed a military alliance.
A complete mobilization of resources and people on both sides resulted in total warfare
Trench warfare was fought in the Western Front which resulted in a stalemate between the France and Germany

8. Recap: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilizes against A-H and Germany
Germany declares war on Russia
Germany declares war on France
Germany breaks treaty of Belgium neutrality and invades Belgium….
Great Britain declares war on Germany

10. Sec. 2 WWI
The war that many thought would be over in a few weeks lasted far longer, resulting in many causalities for both sides. The war widened, and the United States entered the fray in As WWI escalated, government took control of their economies, rationing food and supplies and calling on civilians to work and make sacrifices for war effort.

11. Illusions and Stalemate
Propaganda: ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
The war that many thought would be over in a few weeks lasted far longer, resulting in many causalities for both sides.

12. The Western Front
Schlieffen Plan calls for Germany to move through Belgium and encircle the French Troops before France knew what hit them.
The French respond by sending troops to the front line.
Trench warfare played out and halted both sides in a stalemate for 4 years.

13. Eastern Front
At the beginning of the war the Russian army moved to eastern Germany but were constantly defeated, after this they were no longer a threat to Germany.
Austria- Hungary, Germany’s ally, fared less well at first .
The Austrians had been defeated by the Russians.
Also, Italians betrayed Germany and Austria allies in the Triple Alliance by attacking Austria in May 1915.
Italy joined, France, Great Britain and Russia became known as TRIPLE ENETENTE (ALLIED POWERS)

14. War in the Air
WWI turned into war of attrition, a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses.
By the end of 1915, airplanes had appeared on the battlefront for the 1st time in history
First they were used to spot the enemy position, after they were used to attack ground targets

15. US Enters The War
In response: Germany set up a blockade against Britain; deployed submarines (U-boats- underwater boats) and announced that they would sink w/o warning any ship they found in the waters around Britain.
Sinking of the Lusitania:
May 7, 1915, a British passenger ship entered war zone.
1,200 passengers (128 Americans) attacked by Germany. Americans saw the sinking as terrorist attacks.
Sussex Pledge- tried to keep Americans out of war for a little longer.

17. Zimmermann Telegram:
In January 1917, German official Zimmermann sent a telegram to the German ambassador of Mexico asking him to make an offer to the Mexican gov’t.
If Mexico agreed to ally with them, Germany promised Mexico to help them regain its lost territory in the US.
British intercepted the telegram/ American concluded war with Germany was necessary.
The British used contraband to convince Americans to support the Allied war effort.

18. B/w Feb. 3- March 21, German U-boats sank 6 Americans ships.
April 2, 1917 Pres. Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany and after a debate….
AMERICA WAS AT WAR

19. Women
WWI created new roles for women since so many men entered the military effort
Civilian occupations, truck drivers, farm labors, factory workers
in England # of women in public transportation rose 14 times

20. The March Revolution
In March 1917, the working class women led by a series of strikes in the capital of Petrograd
A few weeks earlier, the government increased bread prices, people protested
People stood in line for hours and factories workers worked for 12 hours
March 8, about 100,00 women marched through the city of Petrogad demanding “Bread and Peace” and “Down with Autocracy”

21. Russian Revolution
In March 1917, the working class women led by a series of strikes in the capital of Petrograd
BOLSHEVIKS- they began as a part of the Marxist party called Russian Social Democrats
Their leader was Vladimir Ulyanov (known as Vladimir Lenin)
He believed that only violent revolution could destroy the capitalist system.
When the provisional gov’t was formed in March 1917, he saw an opportunity for the Bolsheviks to seize power.

22. Triumph of the Communists
1. One reason was that the Red Army was a well- disciplined fighting force
2. Communist revolutionary terror, a secret police known as Cheka, destroying those opposed to communism
3. Foreign armies on Russia soil enabled the Communists to appeal to the powerful force of Russian patriotisms
4. After the Russian Revolution, Russia withdraw from the war… this affected the allies

23. Collapse and Armistice
On Sep. 29, 1918, Erich Ludendorff told Germans that the war was lost and asked for peace.
Germans realized that the Allies were not willing to make peace negotiations
Emperor William II left the country on November 9
After his departure Friedrich Ebert announced the creation of a Democratic Republic.
Two days later, at 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of the year 1918 …. WWI CAME TO AN END.

24. Treaty of Versailles
US President Wilson wanted to set up an international organisation called The League of Nations which would settle world disputes
In the end,the Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would.
Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war
The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.

25. Treaty of Versailles Germany:
With the support of other Allies Germany signed the treaty on June 28, 1919
Included many terms designed to punish and weaken Germany
Troops will return all captured territory to Belgium, Russia, and France
Will be divided in 2; some German territory will be given to Czechoslovakia and Belgium
Assumed responsibility for the war and Allies demanded Germany to pay for reparations ($33 billion)
Armed forces were greatly reduced to 100,000 men and Germany was not allowed to put troops outside Germany’s borders