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THE HISTORY OF U.S. IMMIGRATION
“Here is not merely a nation, but a teeming nation of nations.” Walt Whitman
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IMMIGRATION VOCABULARY
Emigrate: to leave one country or region to settle in another Immigrate: to come to a country of which one is not a native, usually for permanent residence. Migrate: process of moving from one country, region, or place to another
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OLD IMMIGRANTS Came to U.S. before the 1880s from Northwestern Europe
Britain Germany Ireland Scandinavia Spoke English Skilled workers Protestants Except Irish & Germans
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NEW IMMIGRANTS Southern & Eastern Europe Czechs Greeks Hungarians
Italians Poles Russians Slovaks
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WAVES OF IMMIGRATION: 37 Million
Germany (6 million) Ireland (4.5 million) Great Britain (4.2 million) Scandinavian nations (2.3 million) Austria-Hungary Italy (4.75 million) Russia & Baltic (3.3 million)
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PUSH-PULL FACTORS
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WHY IMMIGRATE? 1607-1830 Push factors: Political Freedom
Religious Tolerance Economic Opportunity Refugees Slavery Family Reunification
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“streets paved with gold”
WHY IMMIGRATE? Pull Factors: Land Jobs “streets paved with gold”
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WHY IMMIGRATE? 1890-1924 Jews for religious freedom
Italians/Asians for work Russians to escape persecution “Land of opportunity”
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ELLIS ISLAND Where did they settle?
70% initially landed in New York City – fanned out into surrounding areas
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ELLIS ISLAND European Immigrants 5+ hours Physical examination
Government Inspector proper documents literacy test ready for life in U.S.
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ANGEL ISLAND Asian immigrants San Francisco Harsh questioning
Many interrogations Terrible conditions Chinese exclusion until 1943
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THE NATURALIZATION PROCESS
18 years old Lawful residence “Good moral character” Understand some basic English Some basic knowledge of government Some basic knowledge of U.S. history Oath of Allegiance
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NATURALIZATION OATH OF ALLEGIANCE TO THE U.S.A.
“I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potenate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental or purpose of evasion; so help me God.”
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CHOICE OF DESTINATION Relatives or friends in particular region
Sought particular type of work Looking for heavy industry (Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago) Looking for skilled occupations & agriculture (Texas & Midwest) Farming (Upper Midwest)
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1910 FOREIGN BORN CONCENTRATION
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LIFE OF AN IMMIGRANT Most worked in low prestige occupations
Earned wages that were insufficient to provide decent standards of living Lived in shabbily built and overcrowded dwellings without heat, light, air or plumbing Took 2-3 generations for children or grandchildren of immigrants to move up socioeconomic ladder and earn sufficient incomes
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Problems of Urbanization
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ATTRACTION OF THE CITIES
Loss of farming jobs Cheaper to live in cities Unskilled labor positions Social support for immigrants Cultural opportunities
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THE CITIES
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THE CITIES
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URBAN PROBLEMS Housing, transportation, water, sanitation
Problems developed as a result of population explosions in cities
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HOUSING Problems: Live in outskirts; commute to work
Boardinghouses in cities share bathrooms/kitchens overcrowded Solution: Row houses Tenements
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TRANSPORTATION Problems: Lack of decent, safe transportation
Walked, horse-drawn vehicles Solution: Cable car (1873) San Francisco Subway (1897) Boston
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WATER Problems: Bought from vendors Lack of adequate clean water
Solution: Public Water Cleveland, New York 1850: public water 1893: chlorination 1908: filtration
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SANITATION Problems: Horse manure Sewage (open gutters)
No dependable trash removal (scavengers) Solution: Underground sewers (1900)
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FIRE Problems: Limited water supply Wooden dwellings Candles
Kerosene heaters Volunteer firefighters Occurred in most major cities
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CHICAGO FIRE 1871 29 hours 300 dead 100,000 homeless
3 square miles destroyed $200 million in damage 17,500 building destroyed
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CHICAGO FIRE 1871
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SAN FRANCISCO 1906 Major earthquake (28 seconds) 4 days of fires
478 dead 250,000 homeless 5 square miles destroyed $500 million in damage 28,000 buildings destroyed
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SAN FRANCISCO 1906
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SAN FRANCISCO 1906
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FIRE Solution: 1853: first paid fire department -Cincinnati
1900: in most cities 1874: auto fire sprinkler Use of brick, concrete, stone
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CLEVELAND
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CLEVELAND
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CLEVELAND
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CLEVELAND
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CLEVELAND
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CLEVELAND
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CLEVELAND
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