1. Global Jihad

2. Pax Americana 1991- 2001 Collapse of the Soviet Union
International effort to liberate Kuwait
End of History (Triumph of capitalist democracy)
George H.W. Bush, “Out of these troubled times a new world order can emerge: a new era, freer from the threat of terror.”

3. Causes of Jihadist Movement
Existing explanations focus either on very specific issues of the modern era or timeless metanarratives
Poverty
Authoritarian regimes
US (Western) foreign policy
The Jewish state
Globalisation and modernity
Culture and values
Clash of Civilisations

4. Social Religious Perspective
The Rise and Fall of Political Islam
1924 End of the Caliphate
Failure of Arab Nationalism, the absence of a unification narrative
Quietening of the Islamists
“Islamist movements have been in part secularized by the political process, where political logic has trumped religious logic”

5. An IR Perspective Rejection of the Contemporary International Order
Rejection of a divided ‘spiritual’ umma
Rejection of secular and illegitimate governance

6. Origins of the Jihad Soviet – Afghan War
1979 Following an uprising against the government the Soviet Union intervenes in Afghanistan
1000s of fighters travel from around the world to fight against the USSR

7. Afghan Arabs 1970s 1980s Abdullah Azzam, Godfather of Jihad
Maktab al-Khidamat; Facilitated travel from Middle East to Afghanistan
“Jihad and the rifle alone. No conferences, no dialogue, no negotiations”

8. US aid and weapons help the Mujahideen
US made stinger rockets prove effective against Soviet air power
Charlie Wilson’s War
1989 Soviets withdraw

9. Al Qaeda (The Base) Founded 1988 Osama bin Laden
Significant material resources but absent of a global strategy and coherent ideology
1989 Bin Laden returns to Saudi following Soviet Withdrawal

10. 1998 Fatwa
The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah‘

11. Afghanistan 1992 - 1996 Islamic State of Afghanistan
1992 Peshawar Accords agreed to by all parties except Hekmatyar, supported by Pakistani Inter Services Intelligence
Government led by Ahmed Shah Masood
Civil War commences again with Hekmatyar supported by Pakistan
Origins of the Taliban

12. Bin Laden 1992 - 1996 1992-96 banished to Sudan
1996 crackdown on Egyptian Islamic Jihad following assassination attempt on Mubarak
Sudanese government offers to extradite UBL

13. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
By 1996 the Taliban control most of Afghanistan and form a government recognised only by Pakistan, Saudi, UAE
The Northern Alliance, composed of ethnic Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras serves are the major resistance.
Bin Laden returns

14. Ayman al Zawahiri
2001 merger with Egyptian Islamic Jihad forming
Al Qaeda begins to form an ideology and a strategic international agenda

15. Objectives Unity and Legitimacy
(1) A unified Islamic community ruled by religiously sanctioned governance is the solution to all grievances
(2) The US and the international system are major obstacles to that realisation.

16. Four Pillars of Salafi Jihadist Ideology
Jahiliyya (Ignorance of God’s will)
The problem that should be resolved
Salafism (Looking to the early period of Islam for guidance)
The solution to the problem
Higra (Emigration to form a jihadist community)
The preparation to bring the solution
Jihad ( war directed against enemies)
the action to bring the solution

17. The War on Terror 10 September 2001, Ahmed Shah Masood Assassinated
US demand Taliban give up UBL
NATO and allied invasion October 2001