1. AQA GCSE 2 Energy storage Design and Technology 8552 Unit 2
Energy, materials, systems and devices 2

2. Objectives
Be able to identify mechanical power and understand how it is stored
Understand pneumatics and hydraulics as examples of kinetic pumped storage systems
Understand the functional properties of alkaline and re-chargeable batteries

3. What is energy? Energy is the capacity to do work
What is meant by ‘work’?
Energy comes in different forms and can be stored

4. Forms of energy Potential energy (stored) Kinetic energy (motion)
Chemical
Mechanical
Nuclear
Gravitational
Kinetic energy (motion)
Movement
Electricity
Heat
Sound
Light

5. Potential energy
Potential energy is stored in objects not in motion, that will move once released
Examples include:
Water in a reservoir ready to turn a turbine for HEP
Pressure in a fire extinguisher
What other forms of potential energy can you think of?

6. Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy involves motion and movement, for example:
Electricity when travelling throughout a circuit
Heat radiating from a fire
Sound coming from a speaker
Projected light
Atoms vibrating
Discuss examples of kinetic energy found using electrically powered tools

7. Did you know…?
Energy can change between forms, however it is never destroyed or created
What energy transformations occur when you eat?

8. Worksheet 2
Complete Task 1 on types of energy converted from a battery

9. How is energy stored? Mechanical storage Chemical storage
Compression
Tension
Motion
Chemical storage
Batteries
Gases
Solid fuel
Food
How else can we store chemical energy?

10. Pneumatics Compressed air or gas is used to create movement
Pneumatic systems are very accurate and low maintenance
Pneumatics are commonly used in industry, for example with mechanical drills and on automated production lines
How is a pump used to create the pressure?

11. Hydraulics
Pumped and compressed liquid is used instead of air which creates a more powerful system
Hydraulics are used in:
Lifting equipment
Car braking systems
Fire fighter cutting equipment

12. Kinetic pumped storage
Hydroelectric power provides a very controllable supply of power
When there is a surplus supply of electricity, water is pumped back up to the high-level reservoir
Potential energy is stored in the water at the higher level and used when demand is high

13. Flywheel energy storage
Flywheels rotate in a near frictionless environment
They use surplus energy to reach optimum speed
Momentum is stored until it is required
The motor used to power them, in turn, becomes a generator which returns electrical energy when needed
Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS) are used on vehicles to save fuel
How can kinetic energy be used to return energy to a battery?

14. Chemical energy storage
Chemical energy storage includes:
Batteries (electro-chemical)
Canisters / bottles of gas
Flammable gels and liquids including petrol and diesel
Hydrogen fuel cells
How can compression reduce the size of a gas bottle?

15. Cells and batteries
A battery stores chemical energy in a series of cells
Each cell is usually 1.5V (rechargeable cells are 1.2V)
Each battery has a positive and negative terminal
How many cells would a single 9 Volt PP3 battery contain?

16. Alkaline batteries The anatomy of batteries can vary
Alkaline batteries are more efficient and have a higher capacity when compared to traditional lead-acid varieties
More charge can be stored in the same size battery
They hold their charge well
How has battery development assisted the miniaturisation of electronic products?

17. Rechargeable batteries
There is an ever increasing demand for rechargeable technology in:
portable domestic appliances and power tools
disability and personal transport
hybrid and all-electric vehicles
mobile devices
Discuss the financial and environmental impact if you had to replace your mobile phone battery every day

18. Worksheet 2
Complete Task 2 on types of energy storage

19. Emerging battery technology
Flow batteries are large units used to help smooth demand on the National Grid
Sodium and glass batteries are super-fast charging and very high capacity
What would be the impact to world transportation if batteries could be fully charged in only five minutes?

20. Disposal of batteries
Batteries contain toxic chemicals and metals which:
leach into the soil and water table
are harmful to wildlife and the natural habitat
need specialist recycling
Where can you safely dispose of batteries?

21. Plenary How can energy be stored?
What is the difference between pneumatic and hydraulic systems?
How can unpredictable energy generation be balanced to provide a more consistent supply?