1. Introduction to System Analysis and Design
Hi students how are doing today
This is our fifth sequence in system analysis and design course
and today we will talk about Systems Development Tools and Methodologies in the development of information systems

2. Learning Objectives
Explain systems development tools, including modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Discuss and distinguish between system development methodologies
Explain systems development methods, RAD, JAD
Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented methodology
Discuss how to use appropriate system development method

3. Introduction
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
There are several tools and techniques to build information systems, to choose the appropriate one to build your system, you must study them first and knows their uses.
Methodology is an approach, a method or a technique for developing information systems. The methodology defines a method and a way of developing an information system, guiding planners in the desired working method.

4. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems.
Systems analysts work with these tools in a team environment, where input from users, managers, and IT staff contributes to the system design.

5. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Modeling
Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that system developers can analyze, test, and modify. Modeling Used to describe and simplify an information system:
Business model or Requirements model
Describes the information that a system must provide.
Data model
Describes the data structure and design.
Object model
Describes objects, which combine data and processes.
Network model
Describes the design and protocols of telecommunication links
Process model
Describes the logic that programmers use to write code modules
Modeling techniques, including data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams, and unified modeling language diagrams.

6. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Prototyping
Prototyping tests system concepts and provide an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interface before final decisions are made.
Early working version of an information system
Pros
Speeds up the development process significantly
Users interact with Prototype very quickly
Users can identify needed changes and refine real requirements
Cons
Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood
Initial Design decisions may be poor

7. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools
Also called computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses powerful software, called CASE tools, to help systems analysts develop and maintain information systems.
Framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies

8. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
Bottom up
A formalized approach to implementing the SDLC
A series of steps and deliverables
As the base for the information system, this approach uses the organization’s operational level.
The starting point is that, the operational level constitutes the core of the organization.
The information requirements of the intermediate and management levels will be supplied by the various processing stages of operational level data.
Using this approach, studying the needs and planning of the future system will be prepared initially for the operational level.

9. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
Top Down
This approach uses the organization’s management level as the base for the information system. The definition of its requirements and the system goals are dictated by the organization’s management.

10. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
Integrated Approach
This approach combines both methods, with the aim of benefiting from both the Bottom Up and the Top Down approaches.
With this approach, the initial planning is carried out by the Top Down method
The planning of the systems themselves (sub-systems) is performed using the Bottom Up approach in order to ensure proper planning, based on operational level requirements.

11. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
Structured Analysis
“Structured analysis is a set of techniques and graphical tools that allow the analyst to develop a new kind of system specification that are easily understandable to the user. Analysts work primarily with their wits, pencil and paper.” [Kendall 1996]
Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically
The availability of CASE tools in the 1990s enabled analysts to develop and modify the graphical SASD models.
This Visible Analyst screen shows a process model for a school registration system. The REGISTER STUDENTS process accepts input data from two sources, and transforms it into output data.
[1]

12. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis
O-O analysis combines data & processes into things called objects
O-O analysis uses object models to represent data and behavior, and to show how objects affect other objects
By describing the objects (data) and methods (processes) needed to support business operation, a system developer can design reusable components that allow faster system implementation and decreased development cost

13. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis
objects combine data and processes. Object are the end product of object-oriented analysis. Object is a member of a class
Class is a collection of similar objects
Objects possess characteristics called properties
Properties inherits from the object class or possesses on its own
In O-O design, built-in processes called methods can change an object’s properties
Object can send information to anther object by using a message
A message requests specific behavior or information from another object
Let’s take an example for a method, in a web catalog store, an order object might have a property called status that change when a customer object clicks to place, confirm, or cancel the order
What about a message an example of a message an order object might send a message to customer object that requests a shipping address. When it receives the message, the customer object supplies the information . The order object has the capability to send the message, and the customer object knows what action to perform when it receives the message

14. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis
[1]
The PERSON class includes INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT objects, which have their own properties and inherited properties.

15. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development
JAD – The basic idea behind JAD is to bring structure to the requirements determination phase of analysis and to the reviews that occur as a part of design.
Team based fact finding
Users, Managers and Analysts work together for several days
System requirements are reviewed
Structured meetings

16. Methodologies in the development of information systems
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Methodologies in the development of information systems
RAD – created to radically decrease the time needed to design and implement information systems.
RAD relies on extensive user involvement.
Incorporate special techniques and tools:
CASE tools
JAD sessions
Fourth generation/visualization programming languages
Code generators

17. Methodologies in the development of information systems
There are many other methods
A systems analyst should understand the alternative methodologies and their individual strengths and weaknesses.
how you will choose the suitable method?
Selecting a methodology is not simple, as no one methodology is always best.
Many organizations have their own standards.
We will discuss this topic in more detail in the analysis chapter
This is the end of our sequence today hope you enjoy it
And now you can go to the formative assessment
Avicenna
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD

18. Sequence Summary In this Sequence we have
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Sequence Summary
In this Sequence we have
Discussed the various systems development methods, tools, and techniques
Distinguished between structured analysis and object-oriented methodology
Discussed how to use appropriate system development method

19. System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD
Avicenna
Reference
[1] System Analysis and Design, Sixth Edition Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman and Harry J. Rosenblatt , Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN SEWIES. [2] Modern Systems Analysis and Design Third Edition Authors: Jeffrey A. Hoffer , Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich Publisher: prentice hall [3] System Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition Authors: Dennis, Wixom, & Roth Publisher: John Wiley & sons