1. PHARMACY TECHNICIAN
Chapter One

2. Ancient Mesopotamia
Earliest known record of apothecary practice, approximately 2,600 BCE
Healers combined roles of priest, pharmacist, and physician
Clay tablets recorded symptoms of illness, prescriptions, and instructions for compounding remedies

3. Ancient China
Legendary Emperor Shen Nung researched the medicinal value of herbs, testing many of them on himself, approximately 2,000 BCE
Shen Nung wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs
In modern times, Shen Nung is still worshipped as the patron god of Chinese drug guilds

4. Ancient Egypt
Two classifications of workers: echelons and chiefs of fabrication
Echelons were gatherers and preparers of drugs, similar to modern pharmacy technicians
Chiefs of fabrication were the head pharmacists

5. Papyrus Ebers Most important ancient pharmaceutical record
Written in 1,500 BCE
A collection of 800 prescriptions; specifically mentions 700 unique drugs

6. Ancient India The Charaka Samhita recorded more than 2,000 drugs
Written as early as 1,000 BCE
Meaning “compendium of wandering physicians,” the Charaka Samhita was the work of multiple authors

7. Ancient Greece
Terra Sigilata, or "sealed earth", was the first therapeutic agent to bear a trademark
Originated in Greece before 500 BCE
Composed of sacred clay that was blessed, refined, shaped into uniform tablets, impressed with an official seal, sun-dried, and then distributed commercially

8. Theophrastus
One of the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists
Observed and wrote extensively on the medicinal qualities of herbs
Known as the father of botany
His unusually accurate observations and writings date to about 300 BCE

9. Hippocrates Greek physician who lived between 460 BCE and 377 BCE
Known as the father of medicine
Commonly regarded as one of the most notable figures in medicine of all time
Rejected the widely held views that illness was connected to mystic or demonic forces and positioned medicine as a branch of science

10. Hippocrates and Theory of Humors
Published more than 70 writings related to the practice of medicine and apothecary
Hippocratic Oath: physicians pledge to “do no harm”
Connects personal health to harmony among four bodily fluids, known as humors
Each humor also related to a mood or personality characteristic
Blood (happiness)
Phlegm (lethargy)
Yellow bile (irritability)
Dark or “black” bile (melancholy)

11. Ancient Rome
Mithridates VI developed poisons, preventives, and treatments around 100 BCE
Used himself and prisoners as subjects on which to test poisons and antidotes
During the first century CE, Pedanios Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica, which was used by medical professionals as late as the sixteenth century

12. Galen
Practiced and taught both pharmacy and medicine during 130–200 CE
His principles of preparing and compounding medicines reigned in the Western world for 1,500 years
His name still is associated with the class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means: galenicals

13. Development of the Apothecary
In 8th century, Arab practitioners separated the arts of the apothecary and physician
The first apothecaries, or privately owned drug stores, appeared in Baghdad
Arab apothecaries developed new medicines
Traveling Muslims brought the new system of pharmacy to Europe and Africa

14. Development of the Pharmacopeia
The first pharmacopeia, the Nuovo Receptario, was published in Florence, Italy, in 1498
One of the earliest constructive collaborations between the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society

15. The First Anglo-Saxon Organization for Pharmacists
The Guild of Grocers monopolized trade in drugs and spices
In 1617, King James I formed a separate company for apothecaries

16. The First Apothecary in the American Colonies
Apothecaries from Europe were largely unwilling to emigrate to the American colonies
John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of Boston, sought advice from English apothecaries and physicians
In 1640, Winthrop began selling imported European medicines and medicines derived from native New England plants

17. The 18th Century America’s first female pharmacist, Elizabeth Marshall
America’s first hospital, Philadelphia, 1751
Founded by Benjamin Franklin
The hospital’s pharmacy began operations in 1752
John Morgan, pharmacist and physician
Advocated written prescriptions
Advocated for the independent practice of the two professions
America’s first Apothecary General, Andrew Craigie
Duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the Army's drugs

18. The 19th century
America’s first college of pharmacy, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
The American Pharmaceutical Association
Founded to meet the needs for better intercommunication among pharmacists
Set standards for education and apprenticeship
Began quality control over imported drugs
The United States Pharmacopoeia
Published in 1820
First book of drug standards to achieve national acceptance

19. The 19th century (cont.)
The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.
Graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837
Served as professor of pharmacy for 20 years
Was a leader in founding the American Pharmaceutical Association
Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy for 22 years

20. The 20th century The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education
Founded in 1932 to establish standards for pharmacy education
Initially established standards for baccalaureate degree in pharmacy; added the doctor of pharmacy standards as an alternative

21. Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role
The traditional era (1900–1930): formulating and dispensing drugs derived from natural sources
The scientific era (1930–1960): development of new drugs; scientific testing; mass production of synthetic drugs and antibiotics
The Clinical Era (1960–1990): pharmacists expected to dispense drug information, warnings, advice, and suggestions to patients
The Pharmaceutical Care Era (current era): practice of pharmacy focused on ensuring positive outcomes for drug-related therapies

22. Biotechnology
Drugs are produced using living organisms such as yeast, bacteria, or mammalian cells
The majority are manufactured through recombinant DNA technology
A human gene capable of triggering specific protein production is inserted into a living organism and cultured in a laboratory
The organism incorporates the gene into its cell structure, and begins producing the desired protein (drug)
The majority of drugs being so developed are tested for use in the treatment of cancer or cancer-related conditions

23. Pharmacogenomics
Predicts whether a patient will have a severe, negative reaction to a prescribed medication
Simple, rapid DNA test used
May aid in selection of better medications for patient
Still in development