1. A Changing Nation Section 4: Indian Removal
Chapter 10
A Changing Nation
Section 4: Indian Removal

2. Section 4 Essential Question
Why did Jackson use force to remove Native Americans from the Southeast?

3. Section 4: Indian Removal
Native Americans of the Southeast
In 1828 more than 100,000 Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi River
These groups include the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek
The lived in parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee
Many of the southeastern Native Americans lived in towns or were farmers

4. Section 4: Indian Removal
Native Americans of the Southeast (cont)
The Cherokee
Had adopted white customs
Farmed, ran businesses
Had their own schools
Some converted to Christianity
Their leader Sequoyah had created the Cherokee alphabet
In 1827, they established a government based on a written constitution and claimed status as a separate nation.
They had a newspaper published in both English and Cherokee

5. Section 4 Essential Question
What were some of the customs and ways of life of the Cherokees?
Many converted to Christianity, spoke English, and ran businesses.

6. Section 4: Indian Removal
Conflict over Land
To many government leaders and white farmers, Native Americans blocked westward expansion. Native Americans lived on fertile land and white farmers wanted this land for growing cotton.
Forced Movement
Many Americans including Thomas Jefferson, thought the only way to prevent conflict and protect Native American culture was to send Native Americans west.

7. Section 4: Indian Removal
Conflict over Land (cont)
Treaties
Native Americans signed treaties after the war of 1812 – NW native Americans moved west of the Mississippi
Pressure grew on SE Natives
Monroe tried to get them to move
White southerners demanded that they be moved by force
Georgia passed a law forcing the Creek to give up most of their land
1828 they did the same with the Cherokee

8. The Cherokee
In the same year the Indian Removal Act was passed--gold was found on Cherokee lands. Georgia held lotteries to give Cherokee land and gold rights to whites. Cherokees were not allowed to conduct tribal business, contract, testify in courts against whites, or mine for gold.

9. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Supreme Court ruling
Support for Native Americans
The Cherokee challenged Georgia in court!
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Court refused to stop Georgia from enforcing its law

10. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
The Cherokees successfully challenged Georgia in the U.S. Supreme Court. In his ruling, John Marshall pointed to treaties that the United States had signed with the Cherokees. These treaties guaranteed certain territory to the Native Americans.
President Jackson, when hearing of the Court's decision, reportedly said, "[Chief Justice] John Marshall has made his decision; let him enforce it now if he can.

11. Section 4 Essential Question
According to Marshall, why was Georgia barred from applying its laws to Cherokee territory?
Marshall said that the Cherokees had a right to their land because they were a Native American tribe that had treaties with the United States. The state of Georgia could not violate federal laws and treaties.

12. The Trail Where We Cried
Indian Removal Act of 1830
The Trail Where We Cried
(Trail of Tears) 1

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18. Section 4: Indian Removal
The Trail of Tears
Removal of the Choctaws
Under the IRA of 1830 – the government gave lands west of the Mississippi for their lands east of the Mississippi
Choctaws signed first
They moved west guarded by soldiers from
The government federal government did not give the Choctaws enough food and supplies for the long journey
An army officer noted that
One group walked 24 hours barefoot though the snow and ice before reaching shelter
Removal of the Cherokee
They held out longer, but were forced out in 1838 by Van Buren
Similar conditions
Guarded by thousands of soldiers, they marched hundreds of miles
15,000 began the journey arrived

19. Indian Removal Act

20. Indian Removal Act

21. Section 4 Essential Question
What mistakes in planning did the government make before removing Native Americans?
It did not provide enough tents, food, blankets, shoes, winter clothes, or other supplies.

22. Section 4 Essential Question
Why did Jackson use force to remove Native Americans from the Southeast?
Whites wanted their land, and Native Americans would not move voluntarily. The government decided that Native Americans stood in the way of westward expansion.