1. Stage 20 Culture: Health & Medicine
IP Reminder:
Stage 20 Labeling/Translation (p ) is due M/Tu with a quiz that day too!
PICK UP:
Grammar Raffle ticket(s) (Today is your last chance to enter the drawing!)
Handout from the tray
HAVE READY:
Pen/Pencil
DO NOW:
Complete a noun raffle ticket for any HEALTH/MEDICINE related noun! Suggestions:
morbus, morbi (m.) – disease
medicus, medici (m.) – doctor
medicina, medicinae (f.) – medicine
remedium, remedii (n.) – cure
medicamentum, medicamenti (n.) – ointment
spongia, spongiae (f.) – sponge
Reminder! Be in your seat before the bell rings (or you are tardy) with your outerwear removed and stowed (or you are out of uniform)!

2. Stage 20 Culture: Gallery Walk
Inspect the pictures of medical instruments posted around the room.
First, write down your prediction of what each item was used for.
Then lift the picture page to read the explanation underneath, and take notes! Was your prediction correct?
After you have learned about all fourteen instruments, do the story activity on page 3 of the culture packet.
Then do the web research on pages 4-5 about votive offerings and curse tablets.
Finally, choose a hands-on project station! You may either make a curse tablet or a votive figurine. Or both, if you work quickly. Follow the instructions at each station.

3. Gallery Walk
Teacher: Print the rest of this powerpoint as single-page slides to display around the room.

4. One

5. One: Bone Levers
These were used to get fractured bones back in their right positions and might have been used to extract teeth.
Source: rtifacts/roman_surgical

6. Two

7. Two: Bone Forceps
Bone Forceps: These forceps were used by ancient doctors to extract small fragments of bone which could not be grasped by the fingers. Naturally, physicians often used such forceps in conjunction with bone drills.   Size of the original                                Museum   21cm                                                       Naples 
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8. Three

9. Three: Bone Drills
Bone Drills: Bone drills were generally driven in their rotary motion by means of a thong in various configurations. Greek and Roman physicians used bone drills in order to excise diseased bone tissue from the skull and to remove foreign objects of considerable thickness (such as a weapon) from a bone.   From left to right and top to bottom    Size of the original                                Museum   1) 18cm                                                   Guildhall   2)15cm                                                    Guildhall   3,4,5) After an illustration in a manuscript by Vidus               Vidius dating to 1544 
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10. Four

11. Four: Epilation Forceps
Roman tweezers!
By far the largest number of forceps of this type are not surgical instruments, but household implements. Many were used for epilation (hair removal) or by artists.
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12. Five

13. Five: Surgical Scissors
Did Romans use them to cut flesh in surgery…or just for haircuts?
The surgical author Oribasius treats the cutting of hair as a regular medical procedure in a special chapter of his work. Celsus also frequently refers to cutting the hair as a therapeutic measure. Possibly the ancients found difficulty in putting an edge sufficiently smooth for surgical purposes on their shears. We have few references to the use of the shears for cutting tissues.
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14. Six

15. Six: Cupping Vessels for Bloodletting
These were used for bloodletting and came in various sizes depending on the area of the body that was going to be worked on. They were used to lower blood pressure by removing some blood.
The larger cupping vessel would have been used for larger areas on the body, such as the back or thighs. The smaller vessel would have been applied to the arms.
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16. Seven

17. Seven: Tubes
After operations on the nose, rectum, vagina, etc., it was usual to insert a tube of lead or bronze to prevent contraction or adhesion (so it wouldn’t close up as it heals) and also to convey medicines.
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18. Eight

19. Eight: Tile Cautery
This tool is said to have had many purposes, but the main one was a way to destroy tumors. With this a doctor destroyed the abnormal tissue by burning (cauterizing) it.
The cautery was employed to an almost incredible extent in ancient times, and surgeons expended much ingenuity in devising different forms of this instrument. The cautery was employed for almost every possible purpose: as a ‘counter- irritant’, as a haemostatic, as a bloodless knife, as a means of destroying tumours, etc.
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20. Nine

21. Nine: Uvula Crushing Forceps
Uvula Crushing Forceps: With their finely-toothed jaws these forceps were probably designed to facilitate the amputation of the uvula. This procedure, as described by Aetius in the first half of the sixth century, called for the physician to crush the uvula with forceps (like the one pictured in the accompanying image) before cutting it off in order to prevent hemorrhaging.  
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22. Ten

23. Ten: Catheters
Catheters and Bladder Sounds: Physicians in the Classical World employed catheters in order to open up a blocked urinary tract which allowed urine to pass freely from the body. These early catheters were essentially hollow tubes made of steel or bronze and had two basic designs: one with a slight S curve for male patients (figure 1) and another straighter one for females (figure 2). The same doctors also used similar shaped devices which were solid, as opposed to hollow, in order to probe the bladder in search of calcifications (figure 3).   From left to right     (ignoring the small illustration in the lower right- hand corner)    size of original                              Museum   1) 26cm                                              Nap   2) 20cm                                              Naples   3) 15cm                                              Mainz 
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24. Eleven

25. Eleven: Hooks
Hooks: Hooks were another common instrument used regularly by Greek and Roman doctors. The hooks the ancient  doctors used came in two basic varieties: sharp and blunt. Both of these types of hooks are still used by modern surgeons for many of the same purposes for which the ancient doctors first used them. For instance, blunt hooks were primarily used as probes for dissection and for raising blood vessels. Sharp hooks, like those pictured in the accompanying image, were used to hold and lift small pieces of tissue so that they could be extracted and to retract the edges of wounds.   From left to right and top to bottom   Size of the original                 Museum   1)14cm                                    Saint-Germain   2)11cm                                    Saint-Germain   3)10cm                                    Saint-Germain   4)15cm                            John Stewart Milne   5)17cm                                    Naples 
Source:
Hooks, blunt and sharp, are frequently mentioned in both Greek and Latin literature, and served the same possible purposes we use them for: the blunt for dissecting and raising blood-vessels like the modern aneurism needle; the sharp for seizing and raising small pieces of tissue for excision and for fixing and retracting the edges of wounds. In dissection, many of the manipulations which we perform with the dissecting forceps were performed by the ancients with sharp hooks.
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26. Twelve

27. Twelve: Scalpels
Scalpels: Scalpels could be made of either steel, bronze, or a combination of the two metals  (such as a steel blade and a bronze handle). Ancient scalpels had almost the same form and function as their modern counterparts do today. The two long steel scalpels that make up the first and third columns of the accompanying image are examples of the most ordinary type of scalpel from antiquity. These long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited to making either deep or long cuts. The four bronze scalpels which make up columns two and four are generally referred to as "bellied scalpels." This variety of scalpel was another favorite of physicians in antiquity since the shape of its handle allowed more delicate and precise cuts to be made (such as incisions between ribs).   From left to right and top to bottom     Size of the original                                Museum     1)14cm                                                    British     2)17cm                                                    Naples     3)17cm                                                    Naples     4)12cm                                                    British     5)15cm                                                    Naples     6)18cm                                                    Naples   
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28. Thirteen

29. Thirteen: Probes/Curettes
These were used to mix various medicines, and to apply them when surgery was performed. Curettes were used to scrape/clean damaged tissue from a wound.
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30. Fourteen

31. Fourteen: Portable Medicine Chest
As the ancestor of the "Doctor's Black Bag," these small chests were the portable storage units for doctors in antiquity. Small boxes have been found containing everything from scalpels and probes to ointments and drugs. The box pictured in the accompanying image is made of bronze and when opened (the lid is not pictured with the box) the box is shown to be divided into six compartments, two of which have their own separate hinged lid.   Size of the orginal                                Museum   13cm x 7cm                                             Naples 
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