2. Photosynthesis

3. Photosynthesis Process by which plants use light energy to make food.
A reduction process that makes complex organic molecules from simple molecules.

4. Ps General Equation 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Requires:
Chlorophyll
Light

5. Question Does the Oxygen in sugar come from the CO2 or from the H2O ?
Model:
CO2 + 2 H2O ----> CH2O + O2

6. Proof Used 18O as a tracer. CO2 + 2 H2O ----> CH2O + O2
Both experiments confirm that water is split.
O2 is a waste product of Ps that altered life on earth.

7. Ps: a redox process Hydrogens are added to Carbons.
Water is a source for the Hydrogens.
Complex covalent bonds are made.

11. Ps Has two chemical reactions: 1. Light Reaction 2. Dark Reaction
Names are from “light” as a requirement, not where or when they occur.

12. Light A form of electromagnetic radiation.
Visible light has the right energy for use in Ps.

13. Too Hot
Too Cold
Just Right

15. Action Spectrum Not all colors are useable to the same degree for Ps.
Red and Blue light - absorbed and used in Ps.
Green light - reflected or transmitted.

18. Comment
In oceans, red light is lost or filtered out early because it has lower energy.
Only blue light which has higher energy can reach the lower depths.

19. Result Many deep ocean fish are bright red in color. Why?
They can’t be seen because there is no red light to reflect their color.

20. Photosynthesis Pigments
1. Chlorophylls
2. Accessory Pigments

21. Chlorophylls Has CHON and Mg. Several types possible.
Molecule has a lipophilic tail that allows it to dissolve into membranes.
Contains Mg in a reaction center.

24. Accessory Pigments Absorb light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll.
Ex: Carotene (orange) Xanthophyll (yellow)

25. Fall Leaf Colors Chlorophyll breaks down.
N and Mg salvaged and moved into the stem for next year.
Accessory pigments remain behind, giving the various fall leaf colors.

26. Chloroplast Structure
Double outer membrane.
Inner membrane folded and stacked into grana.
Stroma - liquid that surrounds the thylakoid membranes.

28. Photosystems Collection of pigments that serve as a light trap.
Made of chlorophyll and the accessory pigments.
Two types known: PSI, PSII

30. The no. and variety of pigment molecules enable PS to harvest light over larger surface and larger portion of the spectrum.

31. After glow is called fluorescence

32. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Uses PSI only.
Produces ATP.
Requires light.

34. Noncyclic Photophsphorylation
Uses PSI and PSII.
Splits water, releasing H+, a pair of e-, and O2.
Produces ATP and NADPH. (e- carrier similar to NADH)

35. Light Reaction

40. Light Reaction Same thing as Noncyclic Photophsphorylation.
Location - grana of the chloroplast.
Function - to split water and produce ATP and NADPH.

41. Light Reaction Requirements Products Light Water ADP + Pi NADP+ O2 ATP
NADPH

42. Chemiosmosis Model
The chloroplast produces ATP in the same manner as the mitochondria in Rs.
Light energy is used to pump H+ across a membrane.
When the H+ diffuses back, ATP is generated.

43. Chemiosmosis H+ are pumped into the thylakoid space.
ATP and NADPH are made when the H+ diffuse into the stroma.

46. Comment
There can be a 3 pH unit difference between the thylakoid space and the stroma.

47. Light independent Reactions
How plants actually makes food (carbohydrates).
Don't require light directly to run.
Also known as the Calvin cycle, Dark reaction or C3 Ps.

48. Dark Reaction Function - to use ATP and NADPH to build food from CO2
Location - stroma of the chloroplast.

49. Rubisco Ribulose BisPhosphate Carboxylase.
Enzyme that adds CO2 to an acceptor molecule.
Most important enzyme on earth.

53. C3 Ps Requirements Products 6 CO2 18 ATP 12 NADPH C6H12O6
18 ADP + 18 Pi
12 NADP+

55. Thylakoid----provides more
SA— to traps/absorb light
PS I and PS II to absorb different
wavelength of light
- space— Proton accumulation
- electronic carriers present in
Thylakoid membrane
- location of ATP synthase
Stroma- fluid
-enzymes for Calvin cycle

56. Photorespiration
When Rubisco accepts O2 instead of CO2 as the substrate.
Generates no ATP.
Decreases Ps output by as much as 50%.

57. Photorespiration
May reflect a time when O2 was less plentiful and CO2 was more common.

58. Alternate Ps Methods
1. C4 Ps
2. CAM Ps

59. C4 Ps Uses a different enzyme to initially capture CO2
Separates CO2 capture from carbon fixation into sugar.
Still uses C3 Ps to make sugar, but only does so in the bundle sheath cells.

60. PEP Carboxylase Enzyme used for CO2 capture in C4 Ps.
Can use CO2 down to 0 ppm.
Prevents photorespiration.

62. C4 Ps Found in 19 plant families.
Characteristic of hot regions with intense sunlight.
Examples - sugarcane, Bermuda grass, crab grass

63. C3 Ps vs C4 Ps Photorespiration Shade to full sun High water use
Cool temperatures
Slow to moderate growth rates
Cool season crops
No Photorespiration
Full sun only
Moderate water use
Warm temperatures
Very fast growth rates
Warm season crops

64. CAM Ps Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
Found in plants from arid conditions where water stress is a problem.
Examples - cacti, succulents, pineapples, many orchids.

65. CAM Ps Open stomata at night to take in CO2.
The CO2 is stored as a C4 acid.
During the day, the acid is broken down and CO2 is fixed into sugar.

66. CAM plants Tissues decrease in pH over night, rise in pH during day.
Avoid H2O stress by keeping stomates closed during the day.
Generally have slow growth.

68. Ps:Rs Ratios Reflect a plant’s balance in making food and using food.
1. Ps > Rs, energy available for growth and reproduction.
2. Ps = Rs, no growth, but don’t die either.
3. Ps < Rs, death by starvation

69. Comments - Ps:Rs Rs happens 24 hours a day. Ps only in light.
Plants overwinter on stored food when Ps > Rs.
If Ps < Rs, best solution is to increase the amount of light.

70. Factors That Affect Ps 1. Light - quantity and quality.
2. Temperature - too hot or too cold.
3. CO2 - often limits C3 plants.
4. Minerals - especially NPK and Mg.

73. Maximising growth Farmers can use their knowledge of these limiting factors to increase crop growth in greenhouses.

74. They may use artificial light so that photosynthesis can continue beyond daylight hours, or in a higher-than-normal light intensity.
The use of paraffin lamps inside a greenhouse increases the rate of photosynthesis--- because the burning paraffin produces carbon dioxide, and heat too.

75. Nitrate, Magnesium
The tomato plant on the left is healthy, the one on the right is growing in conditions where mineral ions are deficient

76. Importances of Ps
1. Food - either directly or indirectly comes from plants.
2. Oxygen in the air.
3. CO2 balance.
4. Plant products.
5. Life on Earth.

77. Summary Know the main Ps equation. Know Light Reaction.
Know Dark Reaction.
Alternate Ps forms.
Ps:Rs ratios.