1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Ambassador Adam M. Scheinman
Department of State
June 23, 2015

2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Formal Name: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
Proposed 1961
Negotiated
Opened for signature 1968
Entered into force 1970
Extended indefinitely 1995
Nearly Universal
All but India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan have acceded
North Korea announced withdrawal in January 2003

3. Nuclear Weapon States
Nuclear Weapon State (NWS): A state that conducted a nuclear test before 1967
The Depositaries: United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union ratified in 1968
China and France acceded in 1992
Any other state must adhere as a Non-Nuclear-Weapon State (NNWS)
185 NNWS have adhered (+ Palestine)
NPT constrains rights of parties having or not having nuclear weapons

4. NPT – Three Pillars Nonproliferation Peaceful Uses Disarmament
Article I (non-transfer/non-assistance by NWS to NNWS)
Article II (non-acquisition by NNWS)
Article III (verification and export control)
Peaceful Uses
Article IV (recognizes right to peaceful use and encourages cooperation)
Disarmament
Article VI (end nuclear arms race, nuclear disarmament, general and complete disarmament)

5. NPT – Other Major Provisions
Article V (peaceful nuclear explosives – considered obsolete)
Article VII (nuclear-weapon-free zones)
Article VIII (review conferences, amendment)
Article X (withdrawal, duration/extension)

6. Nonproliferation Pillar
Article I: NWS undertake not to transfer nuclear weapons, and not to assist, encourage, or induce any NNWS to manufacture, acquire, control nuclear weapons/explosives
Article II: NNWS undertake not to receive, manufacture, acquire, or seek or receive assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons/explosives
Article III.1: NNWS undertake to accept IAEA safeguards on all nuclear material in the state to verify peaceful use
Article III.2: All Parties undertake not to export nuclear material or equipment to NNWS except under IAEA safeguards

7. Peaceful Uses Pillar
Article IV.1: Recognizes the inalienable right of all Parties to research, production and use of nuclear energy without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II
NPT Review Conferences have concluded that peaceful use should also be in conformity with Article III
Article IV.2: All Parties undertake to facilitate and have the right to participate in the fullest possible exchange of materials, equipment and information for peaceful use of nuclear energy
Does not compel any Party to export to any other
Must be consistent with Articles I, II, III

8. Disarmament Pillar
Article VI: All Parties undertake to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures for:
Cessation of the nuclear arms race
Nuclear disarmament
Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control
Only existing general treaty obligation on nuclear disarmament
Obligation applies to all Parties
NNWS can contribute to conditions for nuclear disarmament
Huge gains to reduce and constrain nuclear weapons since end of the Cold War
NPT parties disagree on whether Article VI mandates negotiations to eliminate nuclear weapons.

9. NPT Review Conferences
1995 Review & Extension Conference
Indefinite extension
Strengthened review process: forward and backward look
Principles and Objectives
Resolution on the Middle East zone free of WMD
2000 Review Conference
Consensus Final Document, including “13 steps”
2005 Review Conference
No Consensus
2010 Review Conference
President’s Review (non-consensus)
Consensus Action Plan: 64 items covering 3 pillars
Conference in 2012 on a Middle East WMD free zone
2015 Review Conference
No consensus because of Middle East issue

10. The Prague Agenda
“The [NPT] basic bargain is sound. Countries with nuclear weapons will move towards disarmament, countries without nuclear weapons will not acquire them, and all countries can access peaceful nuclear energy.”
Pursue peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons:
Reducing the role and numbers of nuclear weapons
Securing vulnerable nuclear materials
Strengthening the IAEA and global regimes
Building new frameworks for civil nuclear cooperation

11. Prague Accomplishments
U.S. Nuclear Posture Review (2010)
U.S.-Russian New START Treaty
2010 NPT RevCon Consensus Final Document
Nuclear Security Summits: 3 Head of State gatherings
IAEA fuel bank in Kazakhstan approved
New ENR policy adopted by Nuclear Suppliers Group
Advancing Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Protocols
Iran – choice between sanctions and full compliance
But…no CTBT, no FMCT, no further US-RF cuts

12. Political Landscape heading into 2015 Review Conference
Iran talks underway
Humanitarian Impacts of Nuclear Weapons
NGO campaign to ban nuclear weapons
Russian actions in Crimea/Ukraine
P5 (dis)unity on NPT agenda
Stalled Middle East WMDFZ talks
Palestine accession to NPT
North Korean provocations continue

13. 2015 RevCon Synopsis Failed to reach consensus on a final document
U.S., UK, and Canada could not agree to unbalanced language on Middle East
Apparent consensus on all other issues
Tenuous acquiescence on disarmament
HINW advocates thought it was too weak; 107 signed Humanitarian Pledge
France and Russia thought it went too far
U.S. message
Treaty itself remains strong
U.S. committed to action in areas of agreement

14. 2015 RevCon: Disarmament
Recommended establishment of an Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear disarmament measures
Registered concern at the catastrophic consequences of use of nuclear weapons as a driver for action on disarmament
Encouraged greater transparency by calling on the NWS to provide regular reports on detailed categories
Reaffirmed urgent need to start FMCT talks and get the CD back to work.
Endorsed International Partnership on Nuclear Disarmament Verification launched by USG

15. NPT RevCon: Nonproliferation
Underscored importance of compliance and called on non-compliant states to cooperate with IAEA
Reflected growing support for the Additional Protocol to safeguards agreements and recent efforts to transition IAEA safeguards to improve chances to detect undeclared nuclear activities
Gave increased priority to nuclear security
No movement on dealing with abuse of withdrawal
Strong language on North Korea

16. NPT RevCon: Peaceful Uses
Reaffirmed commitment to promote access to peaceful uses of nuclear energy
Emphasized new programs that aid developing countries (Peaceful Uses Initiative)
Highlighted nuclear safety priority and IAEA role post Fukushima
Recognized entry into force of a nuclear liability convention
Stressed need for capacity building on safety, security for nuclear-using states

17. NPT RevCon: Middle East Issue
2010 RevCon called for conference to discuss a ME zone free of all WMD by 2012
Postponed as it became clear there was no basis for agreement
Informal process involving key regional players in Switzerland 2013/2014
No resolution to disagreements on agenda, date, UN role
Arabs/Egypt sought new terms in 2015 that could exclude Israel and the United States
What next?

18. Taking forward the NPT
Bring Russia back to nuclear arms control negotiating table
Find a way forward on FMCT and lay the groundwork for CTBT ratification
Get the P5 to work on nuclear policy issues
Intensify engagement with NNWS: international verification partnership; UN OEWG
Resuscitate Middle East zone process
Bring NWFZ protocols into force
Use available institutions on all fronts