1. Properties of Matter

2. Matter-
anything that has
mass,
weight,
volume,
and density
makes up all of the “stuff” in the
universe
Mass
the most important general property of
matter
(according to Mr. Rhodes)

3. - the amount of “stuff” in an object
- the mass of an object never changes
- can also be defined as a measure of inertia
“the resistance of an object to changes in its motion”
- is usually measured in grams

4. More gravitational pull
Weight
- the response of mass to the pull of gravity
the greater the mass, the greater its
gravitational pull
More gravitational pull
More Mass
More weight

5. - is measured (scientifically) in Newtons
It’s named after me!
(note: the gravitational pull of the earth is 9.8N at sea level. To find your scientific weight, simply measure your mass by 9.8)

6. Volume - the amount of space an object takes up is measured in liters
or cubic centimeters
(cc or cm3)

7. Density - the mass per unit of volume
In other words…
How much stuff is crammed into a given area

8. density = mass volume d=m/v
- can be found using the following formula:
density = mass volume
the unit for
the unit for or
d=m/v
- is usually measured in g/cm3

9. - water has a density of 1 g/cm3
Crammed into
1 gram of water
1 cubic centimeter
less dense objects will float on more
dense objects
so,
any object with a density of less than 1 g/cm3 will float on water, and an object with a density of more than 1 g/cm3 will sink

10. Phases of Matter

11. There are 4 phases of matter:
solids
liquids
gases
plasma

12. 1.) solids - matter having a definite shape and volume
- molecules are very tightly packed together

13. these molecules occur in regularly
repeating patterns called crystals:

14. amorphous solids note: sometimes solids do not have a definite shape.
These are called
amorphous solids
and include things like
Play-doh
wax
and

15. 2.) liquids matter having a definite volume, but no definite shape
(will take the shape of whatever container it is in)
molecules are more loosely packed together,
allowing the substance to flow

16. fluid-
any substance that can flow
can be either
a gas
or a
a liquid

17. viscosity- obviously, some liquids are very fluid, and some are not
a measure of how well a liquid flows
HIGH viscosity
LOW viscosity

18. examples:
low viscosity
high viscosity
water
sludge
lemonade
honey

19. (note:
glass
is a very viscous liquid. It is not a solid)

20. 3.) gases - matter having no definite shape and no definite volume
(will completely fill whatever container it is in)
- molecules tend to be very far apart, allowing
them to be very fluid

21. unlike solids and liquids, the molecules in a gas can be pushed closer together

22. The Gas Laws
many scientists have discovered properties about gases. the three most important are:
Robert Boyle
Boyle’s Law
“the volume of a fixed amount of gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas”
in other words…

23. That’s Latin for “and the opposite is also true”
as the pressure on a gas increases, the volume decreases (and vice versa)
vice versa
That’s Latin for “and the opposite is also true” ?
Boyle’s Law can also be simplified as: P V

24. Jacques Charles
Charles’ Law
“the volume of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with the temperature of the gas”
in other words…

25. as the temperature of a gas increases, so will its volume (and vice versa)
Charles’ Law can also be simplified as: T V

26. Amedeo Avogadro
Avogadro’s Law
“equal volumes of gases at the same pressure and temperature will have the same number of molecules”
- the number of molecules is equal to
6.023 X 1023 molecules per liter of gas
(602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000)
- this is called Avogadro’s Number

27. pressure = force  area Pressure
The most important measurements of gases are temperature, volume, and
Pressure
the amount of force placed on an object
per unit of area
- caused by the motion of particles
- can be found using the formula
pressure = force  area

28. - is measured in pascals (Pa) one pascal equals one
Newton of force per
square meter
Blaise Pascal
- most pressures on earth
are listed in kilopascals
(1,000 pascals) to keep
the numbers small
atmospheric pressure at
sea level on earth equals
101.3 kPa

29. 4.) Plasma - matter made up of molecular pieces
contains so much energy that the
molecules cannot stay together and
break apart
- very rare on earth
- very common in the rest of the universe

30. examples of objects in the plasma state include
stars
lightning

31. Changes in Matter
2 types:

32. 1. physical changes when the size, shape, and/or appearance
of an object changes,
but it still remains the same type of matter
- examples include
wadding up a sheet of paper
freezing water
and

33. 2. chemical changes when a substance is changed into one or more
completely new substances
- examples include
breaking down water into hydrogen and oxygen
burning paper
and

35. Phase Changes
- a type of physical change
occurs when a substance gains or loses
energy
- will change the volume of the substance
but not the mass!
- 5 types:
melting,
freezing,
vaporization,
condensation,
and sublimation

36. Melting
- the changing of a solid into a liquid
- occurs when a solid gains energy
- rigid crystal structure breaks down
- causes the substance to increase in volume
amorphous solids melt faster than
crystalline solids do
melting point-
the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid

37. Ice Salt Diamond 32 801 1,500 3,700 6,717 Substance Melting Point
(in Celsius)
(in Fahrenheit) 32
Ice
Salt
801
1,500
Diamond
3,700
6,717

38. Freezing
- the changing of a liquid into a solid
- occurs when a liquid loses energy
- rigid crystal structure is re-established
- causes the substance to decrease in volume
freezing point-
the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid
THE FREEZING POINT OF A SUBSTANCE IS EXACTLY THE SAME AS ITS MELTING POINT!!!

39. Vaporization
- the changing of a liquid into a gas
- occurs when a liquid gains energy
- causes the substance to increase in volume
there are two types-
1. evaporation-
vaporization which occurs on the surface of a liquid

41. vaporization which occurs inside a liquid
2. boiling-
vaporization which occurs inside a liquid
bubbles filled with water vapor, NOT AIR!
boiling point- the temperature at which a liquid begins to vaporize

42. Ice Salt Diamond 100 212 1,413 2,575 4,200 7,592 Substance
Boiling Point
(in Celsius)
(in Fahrenheit)
100
212
Ice
Salt
1,413
2,575
Diamond
4,200
7,592

43. more pressure higher boiling point → less pressure →
- the boiling point of a substance depends
on the surrounding air pressure:
more pressure
higher boiling point →
less pressure →
lower boiling point

44. Denver, CO Seattle, WA the “Mile High City” Elevation- 0 ft
Temperature required to boil water- 95oC
Temperature required to boil water- 100oC

45. Condensation
- the changing of a gas into a liquid
- occurs when a gas loses energy
- causes the substance to decrease in volume
dew point-
the temperature at which a gas turns into a liquid
THE DEW POINT OF A SUBSTANCE IS EXACTLY THE SAME AS ITS BOILING POINT!!!

46. 5. Sublimation
- when a solid goes directly into a gas,
skipping the liquid state completely
- requires a high level of energy
- examples include
mothballs
burning wood

47. and…
“dry ice”
(frozen carbon dioxide)