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MUSCLE IN PELVIC LIMB
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4. Syuhadah tengku hajar nabila
UPPER PART OF PELVIC LIMB
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5. Gluteus Medius Origin: Upper surface of the ilium of the pelvis
Insertion: Top and back of the upper end of the femur
Action: Extends the hip joint (important muscle for rearing, jumping, kicking and propulsion) ; abduction

6. Gluteus Superficial Origin: Gluteal fascia and sacrum
Insertion: On the greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Extensor and flexor of the hip joint

7. Sartorius
Origin: Tendon of the psoas minor and the fascia of the iliac
Insertion: Medial patellar ligament and the tuberosity of the tibia
Action: Flexes the hip joint and adducts the limb

8. Rectus Femoris
Origin: Two small adjacent areas on the body of the pelvis just in front of the hip socket.
Insertion: The base and anterior surface of the patella
Action: Flexes hip joint and extends stifle joint

9. Vastus Lateralis
Origin: Lateral surface of the femur, from the trochanter major to the supracondyloid fossa.
Insertion: Anterior surface of the patella and the tendon of the rectus femoris.
Action: Extends stifle joint.

10. Tensor Fascia Latae
Origin: Point of the hip (outer front corner of the illium of the pelvis)
Insertion: Into the fascia of the leg, it surrounds the vastus lateralis and the rectus femoris
Action: Flexes hip joint; extends stifle joint.

11. Semimembranosus Origin: The ventral surface of the ischial tuberosity.
Insertion: Medial surfaces of distal femur behind the collateral ligament
Action: Extends the hip and adducts the limb

12. Semitendinosus Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial surface of tibia, tuber calcanei.
Action: Extends hip, stifle and hock joint; flexes stifle joint when hindfoot is lifted from the ground.

13. Gracilis
Origin: Symphysial tendon, prepubic tendon, accessory ligament, and the ventral surface of the pubis.
Insertion: Tibial crest by strong tendinous bands to the tuber calcanei.
Action: Extends the hip and tarsal joints, flexes the stifle joint, and adducts the limb.

14. MIDDLE PART OF THE PELVIC LIMB
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15. TIBIALIS CRANIALIS Origin : Upper end of the outer side of the tibia
Insertion : Front of the upper end of the large metatarsal bone and inside back corner of the ankle
Action : Flexes the ankle joint

16. PERONEUS TERTIUS
Origin : From a depression on the outer surface of the very bottom of the femur
Insertion : Inner front corner f the upper end of the large metatarsal
Action : Flexes the ankle joint

17. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
Origin : Outer of the very bottom of the femur
Insertion : Upper edge of the front surface of the last toe bone of both toes
Action : Extend all three toe joint

18. PERONEUS LONGUS Origin : Upper end of the tibia
Insertion : Upper end of the inner rear corner of the large metatarsal bone
Action : Flexes the ankle joint and rotates the foot inwardly

19. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LATERALIS
Origin : Between femur and tibia
Insertion : Upper front end of the middle toe bone of the outer toe
Action : Extend the upper two toe joints of the outer toe

20. SOLEUS Origin : Outer surface of the upper end of fibula
Insertion : Into the tendon of the gastrocnemius and into the top of the heel bone
Action : Assists the gastrocnemius in extending the ankle joint

21. Gastrocnemius
Origin: Outer head - vertical line on the outer rear edge of the femur , three fourths of the way down the bone. Inner head - Area on the inner rear corner of the femur, at a level lower than the origin of the outer head. Insertion: Top of the heel bone (calcaneous). Action: Flexes the knee joint; powerfully extends the ankle joint, propelling the animal forward.

22. FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
Origin : Outer rear corner of the femur
Insertion : Rear surface of the middle to bone of both toes
Action : Extend the ankle joint, flexes the toes and knee joint

23. FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS
Origin :
Flexor Digital Longus : Middle third of the rear surface of the tibia
Tibialis Caudalis : Extreme outer rear corner at the upper end of the tibia
Insertion : Lower end of the last toe bone of both toes
Action : Flexes all the toe joints and extend the ankle joint

24. Caudal Digits affrin

27. FDP - Flexor digitorum profundus

28. EDLon - Extensor digitorum longus
TibCr - Tibialis era-malls
PerLo - Peroneus longus
EDLat - Extensor digitorum Lateralis
EDBr - Extensor digitorum brevis

29. Muscles of Flexion of the Caudal Digits
1. Flexor Digitorum Longus
2. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
3. Flexor Digitorum Profundus

30. Muscles of Extension of the Caudal Digits
1. Extensor Digitorum Longus
2. Extensor Digiti 1
3. Extensor Digitorum Lateralis (digit 5)
4. Extensor Digitorum Brevis

31. Muscles of Lateral Rotation of the Caudal Paw
1. Tibialis Cranialis
2. Tibialis Caudalis
Muscles of Medial Rotation of the Caudal Paw
1. Peroneus Longus