1. Pelvic cavity. Gross anatomy of the lower limb. Walking.
Sándor Katz, M.D.

2. Lower limb
Pelvic girdle
Free lower extremity

3. Hip bone
Definitive fusion of the Y-shaped growth plate occurs 16th year.

4. Hip bone

5. Hip bone

6. Pelvis

7. Comparison of female and male pelves

8. Own ligaments of pelvis

9. Pelvis

10. Femur

11. Femur

12. Tibia

13. Fibula

14. Bones of the foot

15. Hip joint type: ball-and-socket
Intracapsular ligaments

16. Hip joint Extracapsular ligaments:
When the hip is extended, these ligaments become twisted upon themselves , pushing the femoral head more firmly into the acetabulum (joint-stabilizing function). During flexion the ligament fibers are relaxed.

17. Hip joint- movements Flexion: 120° Extension: 0° Abduction: 40°
Adduction:0°
Rotation: 90°
Circumduction

18. Knee joint type: trochoginglimus
Intracapsular ligaments:
Anterior cruciate lig.
Posterior cruciate lig.
Transverse lig.
Posterior meniscofemoral .lig.
Medial meniscus: C-shaped.
Lateral meniscus: almost a complete ring.

19. Knee joint Extracapsular ligaments.
Tibial collateral lig. is broader and fuses with the articular capsule and medial meniscus.
Fibular collateral lig. is cord-like and separates from the articular capsule.

20. Knee joint-extracapsular ligaments

21. Knee joint-bursae

22. Knee joint-movements Flexion: 120° Extension: 5°
Voluntary rotation: 50-60°
Conjunct rotation: 20°

23. Ankle (talocrural) joint type: hinge

24. Talocrural joint-medial collateral ligament

25. Talocrural joint-lateral collateral ligament

26. Talotarsal joint: talocalcaneonavicular joint and subtalar joint
Type: restricted ball-and-socket
Type: plane joint

27. Talotarsal joint-ligaments and movements
Supination=inversion
Pronation=eversion

28. Transverse tarsal (Chopart’s) joint: talocalcaneonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint
Type: tight joint. Minimal plantar and dorsal movements and rotation. Supports the longitudinal arch of foot.

29. Intertarsal joints: Tight joints.
Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc’s) joints: Tight joints.
Metatarsophalangeal joints: Functionally limited spheroideal joints.
Interphalangeal joints: Hinge.

30. Plantar architecture

31. Hip muscles

32. Pelvis

33. Pelvis

34. Adductors

35. Adductor canal Superior wall: sartorius
Medial wall: adductor longus, adductor magnus
Lateral wall: vastus medialis
Componets:
Femoral vessels
Branches of femoral nerve
Saphenus nerve
Descending genicular artery

36. Hip flexors-knee extensors

37. Hip extensors-knee flexors

38. Knee flexors

39. Pronators

40. Dorsal flexsors

41. Foot muscles

42. Walking
During walking, many anatomical features of the lower limbs contribute to minimizing
fluctuations in the body’s center of gravity and thereby reduce the amount of energy needed to maintain locomotion and produce a smooth, efficient gait.
They include pelvic tilt in the coronal plane, pelvic rotation in the transverse plane, movement of the knees toward the midline , flexion of the knees, and complex interactions between the hip, knee, and ankle.
As a result, during walking the body’s center of gravity normally fluctuates only 5cm in both vertical and lateral directions.

43. Thank you for your attention!
Reference: Gray’s Anatomy for Students