1. Energy Higher hills have Greater PE so greater KE
Stored energy due to position
-elastic, chemical, gravitational
Energy of Motion
-molecular motion
Energy
Transfer of energy
PE to KE KE to PE
Electricity to light
Chemical to thermal
Mechanical to sound
Chemical to electrical to thermal to KE
Chemical PE → Friction → Thermal
Energy
Chemical PE to KE
Electrical to light and heat
Higher hills have
Greater PE so
greater KE

2. Heat moves from hot to cold
Thermostat Engine refrigerators
In solids
In liquids and gases
Devices that move heat
No medium needed
Heat moves from hot to cold
Heat is the movement from hot to cold
No Molecular motion at Absolute Zero
Temperature is the
movement of particles
Heat is added or removed to change phases
The faster the molecules move the greater the temperature

3. Wave speed
Wave speed (v) = frequency (f) x wavelength ()
in m/s in Hz in m
All electromagnetic waves travel at 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum
Sound travels one kilometer in three seconds
Sound waves: need a
medium to carry them.
Light and all EMS waves:
do not need a medium to carry them.
Vibrations cause
Sound waves
Resonance frequency is the natural frequency that object
will vibrate. One Tuning fork will cause another to vibrate
if they are at the same resonance.
Sound waves are mechanical waves because they need a medium to carry them
Doppler Effect Sonar
Long wavelength short wavelength
Low
frequency
High
frequency

4. Visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are low energy,
Electromagnetic Radiation
Waves move energy they can be reflected, transmitted or absorbed.
High frequency waves low frequency waves
Short wavelength long wavelength
Visible light, infrared,
microwaves, and radio
waves are low energy,
long wavelengths, and
low frequency rays that
are not dangerous to man.
Gamma, x-rays, and ultra violet rays are high energy, high frequency, and short wavelength rays that are dangerous to man.

5. Rays bend around corners
Wave vs particle theory of light
regular and diffused reflection
Deffraction:
Rays bend around corners
Refraction-bending of light

6. positive and negatively charges attract
Current
Series circuit-
only one path
the electricity
can flow.
One light goes
out, all lights
go out.
Static electricity-
positive and negatively
charges attract
Parallel circuits-
More than one
path for the
electricity to flow.
one goes out, the
rest stay on.

7. Simple motor- uses electricity with magnets to make
Coils of wire with electricity moving through them to create a magnet.
Magnetic fields- north to south pole attraction
Simple generator that creates
electricity using magnets.
Simple motor- uses electricity with magnets to make
the motor move.

8. Motion is described by the objects relation to
Acceleration: rate at which velocity changes
Motion is described by the objects relation to
a reference point.
Speed graphs Mo t I O n
Speed Equation
Velocity: Speed in a given direction
Circular Motion: centripetal motion

9. Force Gravity: Force of attraction between two
Balanced forces do not move
Unbalanced forces do move
Expressed as newtons
Gravity:
Force of attraction between two
objects because of their masses
Greater mass; greater gravity
Force
Kinetic Friction : the friction between moving objects
Static Friction: friction between objects that are not moving
Weight is the amount of gravitation pull
On an object (newtons)
Weaker gravity further from sun
Greater gravity closer to sun
Mass amount of matter in a object (grams)

10. 1st 2nd 3rd Gravity of falling objects 9.8m/sec/sec
Terminal velocity: air resistance
equals gravitational pull=
no acceleration
Gravity of falling objects
9.8m/sec/sec
1st
2nd
3rd
Law of Inertia: An object in motion
(or rest) will remain in motion (or rest)
until an unbalanced force acts upon it.
For every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction
Force equals mass times
acceleration.

11. The mechanical advantage factor by which it multiplies
WORK: the transfer of energy
from one object to another,
especially in order to make the
second object move in a certain direction
 power is the rate at which energy 
is transferred, used, or transformed
Measured in WATTS
The efficiency of any machine
measures the degree to which
friction and other factors
reduce the actual work
output of the machine.
The mechanical advantage
(MA) of a machine is the
factor by which it multiplies
any applied force.