1. IPM and biopesticides use in arable crops
EIP-Agri project:
IPM and biopesticides use in arable crops

2. 200% $6 billion Global market 2019 Global biopesticide market
Increased over
200%
Global market 2019
value
over
$6 billion
BIOPESTICIDES
Increase

3. EU Sustainable Use Directive 2009/128/EC
Nema
todes
Monitoring
Macro-
organisms
Insect
Fungi
Bact.
Micro-
orgs
Biopesticides
Virus
Crop
botany
Semio-
chems
Phero
mones
Synthetic
Chemical
pesticides
Botanicals
Agro-
ecosystem

4. Botanicals
Semio-chemicals
Macroorganisms
Microorganisms

5. Mixtures What are botanicals? Clove Cymbopogon sp. Thyme Garlic
Tagetes sp.
Spearmint
Mixtures

6. Control strategies using semio-chemicals
Mating disruption
Pheromones are released to interfere with the ability of male insects to locate females of the same species,
Disrupting mating and controlling the damage to crops inflicted by the hatching larvae.
Lure and Kill
Again a simple concept: bring the insects to the insecticide
Key is to attract females
Mass Trapping
Simple Concept: trap as many insects as you can
Key is to attract and trap females
Kairomones becoming increasingly important

7. What are macrobials/natural enemies?
Parasites
Parasitoids
Predators

8. Isaria fumosoroseus Bacillus firmus Bacillus subtilis
What are microbials?
Cydia pomonella granulosis virus
Pasteuria penetrans
Trichoderma harzianum
Fusarium oxysporum
Isaria fumosoroseus
Bacillus firmus
Clonostachys rosea
Coniothyrium minitans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus thuringiensis
Gliocladium catenulatum
Lecanicillium lecanii
Many of the biopesticides available are for plant pathogens and are very familiar names.
Species for use against insects are highlighted
For microbial based substances we are now very familiar with these types of substances – they have been the focus of research for many years
But does this research support the development of these substances?
Metarhizium anisopliae
Ampelomyces quisqualis
Beauveria bassiana
Trichoderma asperellum

9. Microbial biopesticides
Trichoderma spp.
Entomopathogenic fungi
Bacillus subtilis
Baculoviruses

10. Strategies to use biopesticides
Compared to nature, cropping systems are less stable.
Often populations of the naturally occurring populations are too small or develop too late to prevent plant damage.
Management intervention needed
Macrobials can be harnessed in agriculture by:
Introduction
Conservation
Augmentation

11. Strategies to use macrobials - Introductions
The intentional introduction of an exotic biological control agent for permanent establishment and long term pest control
Based on the ‘natural enemy release hypothesis’
Also called classical control
Adult vedalia beetles, Rodolia cardinalis, feeding on cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry.

12. Strategies to use macrobials - Conservation
Actions that preserve or protect natural enemies that are already present.
Habitat manipulation to attract and retain natural enemies.

13. Strategies to use macrobials - Augmentation
Intentional release of a species of macroorganism that occurs already within the area, region or country of use.
The idea is that the resident natural enemy population is too low to control the pest, so it has to be ‘augmented’.
The introduced population expected to reduce to the carrying capacity of the agro-ecosystem.
Inundative or Inoculation
Encarsia formosa
Phytoseiulus persimilis
Trichogramma spp.

14. Strategies to use microbials - Augmentation+ =

15. Efficacy

16. Strategies to use biopesticides - IPM
Damage
threshold

17. Microbial and botanical biopesticide application

18. Benefits of biopesticides to farmers and growers
Efficacy – killing target pest
Efficacy - yield and quality improvement
Host specificity
Use in IPM programmes
Useful for resistance management
Useful for residue management
Growers - crop management
Worker safety
Favourable environmental footprint

19. Population management
Sustainable crop production and protection
Biology
Ecology
Population management

20. Can biopesticides fit well into IPM for broad acre crops?

21. Thank you for your attention