1. Emotional Aspect of patient
Dr. Amitya Kumara K, M.Si
Emotional Aspect of Patient
Emotional Aspect of patient
Amitya Kumara
Faculty of Psychology
Gadjah Mada University
Block VI, June 9, 2005 Week 4 (International Programme)

2. Defining and classifying emotion
Emotion: feeling or affect, that involves a mixture of arousal (fast heartbeat, for example), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone, for example), and overt behavior (smiling or grimacing for example)

3. Defining and classifying emotion
Positive affectivity: the range of positive emotions, from high energy, enthusiasm, and excitement to being cal, quiet, withdrawn. Joy and happiness involve positive affectivity.
Negative affectivity: Emotions that are negatively toned, such as anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness.

4. Theories of emotion
James –Lange theory: the theory that emotions results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.
Cannon-Bard theory: the theory that emotion and physiological states occur simultaneously.

5. James-Lange theory External Stimulus Stimulus Perceived in brain
Emotion occurs
Motor nerves
Sensory nerves
Body sensations and responses
Emotion takes place after physiological reactions

6. Cannon –Bard Theory Emotion occurs External stimulus
Stimulus perceived in brain
Motor and sensory nerves
Body sensations and responses
Emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

7. The Physiology of emotion
The different types of brain activity as a function of mood.
Richard Davidson (1990) have found that sad moods are related to brain-wave activity in the left frontal region of the brain, while positive moods provoke right frontal region activity.
Scioli & Averill (1998) have found that emotional states associated with fear and anxiety results in increased neurotransmitter activity in the temporal lobes of the cortex.

8. The Physiology of emotion
Different types of drugs that selectively alter specific neurotransmitters in the brain are effective in exaggerating or modulating many moods states.
For example, certain anti depressant medication reduce the massive fear associated with some panic attacks.
Alcohol can elevate a person’s mood

9. Emotional aspects of patient
The International Association for the Study of Pain acknowledged the central role of affect in pain in its formal definition:
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage”

10. The mainstream emotion researchers largely agree on the following points:
Emotional phenomena have an evolutionary history and emotional responses to stimuli and emotional expression sub serve biological adaptation and survival.
Emotions input positive or negative hedonic qualities to a stimulus in accordance with the biological importance and meaning of that stimulus

11. The mainstream emotion researchers largely agree on the following points:
The central neuroanatomy for emotion corresponds to the limbic brain.
Emotions activate=produce impulses to act or to express one’s self.
Emotions communicate, and the negative emotional expression of one individual will tend to produce negative emotion in another
Human cognitions and emotions function interdependently.

12. Function and Expression of emotion
Function : Adaptation and survival  protects against life threatening injury
Expression of emotions: vocalization, posture, variations in facial muscular patterns, and alterations of activity

13. The emotional stages of patient
Shock
Grief : feel helpless and have difficulty thinking clearly or dealing with day to day life
Denial: escape from feeling overwhelmed until they are more able to cope
Acceptance: to be able to think about the implications and the changes to be made. begin to adjust successfully to their condition

14. The case: the emotional effects of kidney failure:
Stress
Anxiety: a specific “worry”, “being on edge”, not feeling safe.
Depression: “feel a bit down” & less able to cope with life in general, “need a good cry
Feeling of frustration or anger about the illness.