1. Environmental Science Do Now 9-28-17
Take your Do Now sheet out, your notes on evolution and complete.
 Who was the “Father of Modern Evolution”?
During what century did the answer to question #1 live?
What is the name of the islands the scientist visited? How old was the scientist when he visited these islands?
Name any three types of organisms that live on these islands?
How were the islands formed?

2. Environmental Science Do Now 9-28-17 KEY
 Who was the “Father of Modern Evolution”? Charles Darwin
During what century did the answer to question #1 live? 19th century
What is the name of the islands the scientist visited? How old was the scientist when he visited these islands? Galapagos Islands…Darwin visited the islands when he was 22 years old.
Name any three types of organisms that live on these islands? Finches, Tortoises, and Lizards
How were the islands formed? From underwater volcanic eruptions

3. S/O’s & Reminders of Important Dates
Back to School Night was a success! Congrats to Breyawna Simmons, Dauisha Carlton, Nickolas Burney, William Portillo, Elijah Dorsey, Angel Franklin, and Keena’ Henderson for earning a bonus test grade of 100% for coming out to this event!
1st Quarter Progress report grades close on Wednesday, October 4, 2017.
If you are failing a class, you have 6 more days to improve your grade before progress report grades are finalized!

4. Tonight’s Homework
Create a colorful labeled picture that explains the process by which bacteria may become antibiotic resistant OR how a pest becomes pesticide-resistant.
Colorful and neat – 100 points
Scientifically sound and correct explanation – 100 points
Labeled the drawing – 100points

5. Objective
Students will know the mechanism of evolution through natural selection by taking notes, completing a worksheet on natural selection and answering exit ticket questions.
Mastery: 70% or better on the natural selection worksheet

6. Engage
What is MRSA?
Source:
What is pesticide-resistance?
Source:

7. New Vocabulary Words Evolution Adaptation Natural selection
Artificial selection
Mutation
Survival of the Fittest
Reproduction

8. Explore
Students will play the Peppered Moth Simulation on their cell phones. The peppered moth simulation shows how humans indirectly caused a shift in the moth population during the Industrial Revolution
Source:

9. Evidence for Evolution through Natural Selection PPT (students will copy the notes)
Explain

10. Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection
Hunting for evolution clues… Elementary, my dear, Darwin!

11. Evidence supporting evolution
Fossil record
shows change over time
Anatomical record
comparing body structures
homology & vestigial structures
embryology & development
Molecular record
comparing protein & DNA sequences
Artificial selection
human caused evolution
COPY THESE NOTES!

12. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils
COPY THESE NOTES!
Fossil record
Layers of rock contain fossils
new layers cover older ones
creates a record over time
fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth
over a long period of time

13. Life on Earth has changed
Fossils tell a story…
the Earth is old
Life is old
Life on Earth has changed

14. Evolution of birds Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species
COPY THESE NOTES!
Evolution of birds
Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species
Fossil of Archaeopteryx
lived about 150 mya
links reptiles & birds
The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx (Alonso et al. 2004) - Archaeopteryx, the earliest known flying bird from the Late Jurassic period, exhibits many shared primitive characters with more basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs (the clade including all theropods more bird-like than Allosaurus), such as teeth, a long bony tail and pinnate feathers. However, Archaeopteryx possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail, together with a wing feather arrangement shared with modern birds. This suggests some degree of powered flight capability but, until now, little was understood about the extent to which its brain and special senses were adapted for flight. Alonso et al. (2004) investigated this problem by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the braincase of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx. A reconstruction of the braincase and endocasts of the brain and inner ear suggest that Archaeopteryx closely resembled modern birds in the dominance of the sense of vision and in the possession of expanded auditory and spatial sensory perception in the ear. Alonso et al. (2004) concluded that Archaeopteryx had acquired the derived neurological and structural adaptations necessary for flight. An enlarged forebrain suggests that it had also developed enhanced somatosensory integration with these special senses demanded by a lifestyle involving flying ability.

15. We found the fossil — no joke!
Land Mammal ?
Complete series of transitional fossils ?
Where are the intermediate fossils? ? ?
There are innumerable intermediate & transitional forms
Whales as land creatures returning to the water….
Where are the intermediate forms of whale ancestors?
Cartoon making fun of this idea.
The cartoons disappeared years ago when this fossil was found.
Ambilocetic natans = “Walking whale who likes to swim”
4-5 intermediate forms all found in last 2 decades
Indus River valley in between India & Pakistan.
Someone’s idea of a joke!
Ocean Mammal
But the joke’s on them!!

16. Evolution from sea to land
2006 fossil discovery of early tetrapod
4 limbs
Missing link from sea to land animals

17. Anatomical record Animals with different structures on the surface
COPY THESE NOTES!
Anatomical record
Animals with different structures on the surface
But when you look under the skin…
It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors

18. How could these very different animals have the same bones?
COPY THESE NOTES!
Compare the bones
The same bones under the skin
limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones
How could these very different animals have the same bones?

19. Homologous structures
COPY THESE NOTES!
Homologous structures
Structures that come from the same origin
homo- = same
-logous = information
Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats
same structure
on the inside
same development in embryo
different functions
on the outside
evidence of common ancestor

20. But don’t be fooled by these…
Analogous structures
look similar
on the outside
same function
different structure & development
on the inside
different origin
no evolutionary relationship
How is a bird like a bug?
Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

21. Analogous structures Dolphins: aquatic mammal Fish: aquatic vertebrate
COPY THESE NOTES!
Analogous structures
Dolphins: aquatic mammal
Fish: aquatic vertebrate
both adapted to life in the sea
not closely related
Watch the tail!

22. They just came up with the same answer!
COPY THESE NOTES!
Flight evolved 3 separate times —
evolving similar solutions to similar “problems”
Convergent evolution
3 groups with wings
Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor?
They just came up with the same answer!
NO!

23. Convergent evolution led to mimicry
Why do these pairs look so similar?
Monarch male
poisonous
Viceroy male
edible
Which is the moth vs. the bee?
Which is the fly vs. the bee?
fly
bee
moth
bee

24. Because they used to walk on land!
COPY THESE NOTES!
Vestigial organs
Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?
Because they used to walk on land!

25. Comparative embryology
Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story
similar structures during development
all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

26. 3. Molecular record Comparing DNA & protein structure
everyone uses the same genetic code!
DNA 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110
120
Lamprey
Frog
Bird
Dog
Macaque
Human 32 8 45 67
125
compare common genes
compare common proteins
number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

27. Building “family” trees
Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

28. “descendants” of wild mustard
4. Artificial selection
How do we know natural selection can change a population?
we can recreate a similar process
“evolution by human selection”
“descendants” of wild mustard

29. “descendants” of the wolf
Selective Breeding
Humans create the change over time
“descendants” of the wolf

30. I liked breeding pigeons!
Artificial Selection
…and the examples keep coming!
I liked breeding pigeons!

31. Artificial Selection gone bad!
Unexpected consequences of artificial selection
Pesticide resistance
Antibiotic resistance

32. Insecticide resistance
Spray the field, but…
insecticide didn’t kill all individuals
variation
resistant survivors reproduce
resistance is inherited
insecticide becomes less & less effective
The evolution of resistance to insecticides in hundreds of insect species is a classic example of natural selection in action.
The results of application of new insecticide are typically encouraging, killing 99% of the insects.
However, the effectiveness of the insecticide becomes less effective in subsequent applications. The few survivors from the early applications of the insecticide are those insects with genes that enable them to resist the chemical attack. Only these resistant individuals reproduce, passing on their resistance to their offspring. In each generation the % of insecticide-resistant individuals increases.

34. Any Questions??

35. Natural Selection of Strawfish
How does natural selection affect genes?
How do genes affect evolution?

36. 1. No Predator Preferences
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
27%
55%
18%
45%
No selection force in one specific direction.
No clear pattern of change.

37. 2. Predator Prefers BLUE 25% 50% 13% 37% 38% 62%
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
13%
37%
38%
62%
Selection against blue.
Fewer blue fish and fewer blue alleles.

38. 3. Predator Prefers GREEN
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
36%
28%
Selection against green.
Fewer green fish but same variation in alleles.

39. 4. GREEN is Camouflaged 25% 50% 20% 60%
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
20%
60%
Selection against blue & yellow.
More green fish but same variation in alleles.

40. Australian Marsupials
Parallel Evolution
Niche
Placental Mammals
Australian Marsupials
Burrower
Mole
Anteater
Mouse
Lemur
Flying
squirrel
Ocelot
Wolf
Tasmanian “wolf”
Tasmanian cat
Sugar glider
Spotted cuscus
Numbat
Marsupial mole
Marsupial mouse
Nocturnal
insectivore
Climber
Glider
Stalking
predator
Chasing
not closely related
marsupial
mammal
placental
filling similar roles in nature, so have similar adaptations

41. Vestigial organs Structures on modern animals that have no function
remains of structures that were functional in ancestors
evidence of change over time
some snakes & whales have pelvis bones & leg bones of walking ancestors
eyes on blind cave fish
human tail bone

42. Extend
Chapter on Evolution from the HRW Environmental Science textbook.
Complete the worksheet that accompanies the reading.
Goal: 455/650 (70%) of the available points or better

43. Evaluation Exit Ticket Question:
What are the steps involved in evolution through selection?
What does the phrase “Survival of the Fittest” mean with respect to the evolution?
What does the term adaptation mean?
Explain why an adaptations are only as beneficial as the environment a species lives in?

44. Seed Germination Lab – Day #5
Today you will CONTINUE:
Record any observations about your seeds (For example: no seed germination, seed germination, dry, damp, smelly, brown, wet…etc.). Be observant!
Your and your partner will water your seeds, if needed. Be specific, record your steps.
For example: Added 10 mL of vinegar solution to the Petri plate labeled “vinegar” and 10 mL of water to the Petri plate labeled “water”. Then, sit the plates back in the windowsill.
copyright cmassengale

45. Seed Germination Lab/Lab Report
Each pair of students must earn, at least, 10/15 points on their lab report (Due: Monday, October 2, 2017)
SKILL MASTERY LEVELS:
90 – 100% (13-15 points): SKILLS EXCEPTIONALLY MASTERED
80 – 89% ( points): SKILLS WELL MASTERED
70 – 79% (10 points): SKILLS ADEQUATELY MASTERED
60 – 69% (9 points): SKILLS BASICALLY MASTERED
<60% (<9 points): SKILLS NOT MASTERED