1. Mastering the APA: The Basics Plus
Adapted from UNLV Writing Center

2. Objectives Review of general APA format
Overview of reference formatting
Review of in-text citation and quotations
APA Activity & Microsoft Word How-To

3. APA Formatting Overview
Margins
Fonts
Spacing
Pagination
Title Page
Paper’s Body
Reference Page

4. APA Formatting 1” Margins 12 point font – Times New Roman
Double-spaced
Page numbers – top right, ½ inch margin

5. APA Formatting – Title Page
Title of paper is in upper half of paper vertically & centered horizontally;
No more than 50 characters in each line
Title page counts as page 1
Running head (shortened title) next to page numbers, starting on page 1
Is on all pages, but words “Running head” on title page only

6. Title Page Page header: title flush left + page number flush right.
(use Insert Page Header)
title flush left + page number flush right.
Title:
(in the upper half of the page, centered)
name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)
This slide visually presents APA format of a title page, which consists of four major sections: a page header, a running head for publication, and a title.
To create a page header, use “Insert Page Header” function of MSO Word. Choose “Insert Page Number” in the upper right-hand side and type two-three words of the title before page number. Separate the abbreviated title from the page number with five spaces.
To create a running head for publication, type Running Head: ABBREVIATED TITLE on the first line, flush-left, maximum 60 characters long. Note: Although a running head section is required for manuscripts submitted for publication, it is an optional sections for students’ papers.
To create a title, type—in the upper half of the page, centered– a full title of the essay, writer’s name and affiliation (college or university) on subsequent lines. Note: the instructor might also require his/her name, course title, and date in addition to affiliation. Encourage students to consult the instructor regarding specific requirements to a title section.
This slide can be supplemented by the relevant section from OWL

7. APA Formatting – Reference Page
Starts on a new page
“References” subtitle, centered
References continue on next line
Hanging-lines – Use Word paragraph setting for “Hanging Indent”

8. References Page Center the title– References-- at the top of the page
Double-space
reference entries
Flush left the first line
of the entry and indent
subsequent lines
Order entries
alphabetically by the
author’s surnames
Do NOT include the words“Running head:” in the header after the title page!
This slide explains the format and purpose of a references page.
The facilitator may stress that each source referenced within the paper should also appear on the reference page, which appears at the end of the paper.
To create a references page,
center the heading—References—at the top of the page;
double-space reference entries;
flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines. To use “hanging” feature of “Indent and Space” tab, go to “Paragraph” ”Indentation” choose “Hanging” in the ”Special” box.
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames. If a source is anonymous, use its title as an author’s surname.
Note: Unlike MLA, APA is only interested in what they call “recoverable data”—that is, data which other people can find. For example, personal communications such as letters, memos, s, interviews, and telephone conversations should not be included in the reference list since they are not recoverable by other researchers.
For specific information about entries in the reference list, go to

9. APA In-Text Citations Overview
Paraphrasing format
Quotation format
When to insert dates
Oddities and Exceptions

10. When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?
When quoting any words that are not your own
When summarizing facts and ideas from a source
When paraphrasing a source
Key Concepts: The next two slides explain the occasions in which APA citations will be necessary, as well as explains the differences between quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing. Students will be most familiar with the need to site for quotations, but the facilitator should stress that if the idea comes from someone else, the source material should be cited.

11. Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Readability
Keep references brief
Give only information needed to identify the source on your reference page
Do not repeat unnecessary information
Key Concepts: This slide emphasizes the need to keep parenthetical citations within a paper brief. The information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the reference page. The following slides give examples of how to use parenthetical references.

12. APA In-Text Citations General Format – Direct Quotations
After using a direct quotation, cite the source immediately after in parenthesis
Use author, year, and page number or paragraph number (abbreviated: para.)
This can also occur at the end of a sentence
Example:
Many others agree with the assessment that “this is a seriously flawed study” (Methasa, 1996, p. 22) and do not include its data in their own work.
Many others agree with the assessment that “this is a seriously flawed study” and do not include its data in their own work (Methasa, 1996, para. 22).

13. APA Style – Quotations
NOTE: For Electronic Sources without page numbers, must indicate which paragraph the quote is from
Abbreviation: para.
If section headings are available, use them & count paragraph numbers from there.
Example: (Byrd, 1998, Discussion section, para. 3)
Quote < 40 words: Enclose in double quotation marks and incorporate into the formal structure of the sentence.
Example: Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).

14. APA Style – Block Quotes
More than 40 words: Make the quote a block quote.
Should appear apart from the surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented five spaces from the left margin. No quotes and citation follows punctuation mark. Example:
The researchers found that:
After participating in after school nutrition programs, students receiving education as well as food made better food choices. (Jones, 2009, p. 33)

15. APA In-Text Citations General Format - Paraphrasing
At the end of a paraphrased sentence, place in parenthesis the author(s) and year of the publication
The citation counts as part of the sentence, so the period goes OUTSIDE the closing parenthesis
Example from Sample Paper:
Presently, we consume more than 500 million cubic meters of wood and wood products a year, an amount projected to increase close to 600 million cubic meters in less than ten years (Haynes, Adams, & Mills, 1998).

16. APA In-Text Citations Paraphrase, one author
After mentioning an author for the first time in a paragraph, include the publication year
Miller (2006) compared philosophies…
In a recent study of philosophies (Miller, 2006)…
In 2006, Miller compared philosophies of…
Miller, 2006, compared philosophies…
Afterwards, the year is not required within the same paragraph if the material is the same
In a recent study, Tanaka (2001) described… Tanaka also found…

17. APA In-Text Citations Paraphrase, two authors
Cite both authors—year, every time citation is used.
Respondents’ career choices were organized by the 16 career clusters (Talbert & Balschweid, 2006).
Talbert and Balschweid (2006) recommended further studies to examine…

18. APA In-Text Citations Paraphrase, 3-5 authors
Cite all authors—year, first time only, then first author’s surname with et al. and year thereafter.
Ex.
Myers, Dyer, and Breja (2003) conceptualized…
Myers et al. (2003) reported…
Additionally, Myers et al. concluded…

19. APA In-Text Citations
Paraphrase, six or more authors: Cite only first author’s surname with et al. and year, every time the citation is used.
Ex.
Lindner et al. (2004) stated…

20. APA In-Text Citations No Authors
Cite the source by its title or use the first word or two in the parentheses.
Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks.
A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).
A recent compilation of studies on the subject, Nutrition for Teens, 2006, justified the claim that hungry students perform poorly on standardized tests.

21. APA In-Text Citations Unknown Publication Date
When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation “n.d.” (for “no date”).
Ex. Attempts to establish a definitive link between television programming and children’s eating habits have been problematic (Murano, n.d.).

22. APA In-Text Citations Secondary Sources
If using a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the primary source in your narrative.
List the secondary source in your reference list and include it in your parenthetical citation, preceded by the words “as cited in.”
In this example, Roberts is the secondary source:
Dewey stated “all learning is experiential, but all experiences are not educational” (as cited in Roberts, 2006, p. 17).
Reference List:
Roberts, T. G. (2006). A philosophical examination of experiential learning theory for agricultural educators. Journal of Agricultural Education, 47(1),

23. APA In-Text Citations Oddities Groups
First time in text: (National Endowment for the Arts [NEA], 2000)
Thereafter: (NEA, 2000)

24. Handling Parenthetical Citations
Sometimes additional information is necessary . . .
More than one author with the same last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
Two or more works in the same parentheses
(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)
Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
Examples: This slide demonstrates variations on the parenthetical reference. The first example distinguishes a book by Henry James from a work by William James by including the first initial. The second example distinguishes multiple works within a single citation by dividing them with semi-colons. If a work has six or more authors, as in the third example, the citation should include the words “et al,” meaning “and others.” Finally, if the writer wants to cite a particular section of a work, “chap.” can be added to indicate chapter, and “p.” or “pp.” can be used to indicate page number.

25. Handling Parenthetical Citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).
Rationale: This slide illustrates the inclusion of APA parenthetical citations within a paper. The facilitator should note that everything should be double spaced consistently.
* From “Shell Shock and the Great War” by Andrew J. Kunka, Purdue University (unpublished manuscript).