2. What characteristics does the sponge have that makes it an animal?
What characteristics do the Cnidarians have that make them an animal?
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastroderm
Compare the sponge and the Cnidarians shown here.
List two major advancements that the Cnidarians have over the sponges.

3. Comparing Flatworms, Roundworms, and Annelids
CHARACTERISTIC
Shape
Segmentation
Body cavity
Digestion and excretion
Respiration
FLATWORMS
Flattened No
Acoelomate
Gastrovascular cavity with one opening only; flame cells remove metabolic wastes
Through skin; no respiratory organs
ROUNDWORMS
Cylindrical with tapering ends No
Pseudocoelomate
Tube-within-a-tube digestive tract; opening at each end; metabolic wastes excreted through body wall
Through skin; no respiratory organs
ANNELIDS
Cylindrical with tapering ends
Yes
Coelomate
Tube-within-a-tube digestive tract; opening at each end; nephridia remove metabolic wastes
Through skin; aquatic annelids breathe through gills
CHARACTERISTIC
Circulation
Response
Movement
Reproduction
FLATWORMS
No heart, blood vessels, or blood
Simple brain; nerve cords run length of body; eyespot and other specialized cells that detect stimuli
Gliding, twisting, and turning
Sexual (hermaphrodites); asexual (fission)
ROUNDWORMS
No heart, blood vessels, or blood
Several ganglia in head region; nerve cords run length of body; several types of sense organs
Thrashing
Sexual (primary males and females)
ANNELIDS
Blood circulated through blood vessels in closed circulatory system
Well-developed nervous system with brain and several nerve cords; many sense organs
Forward peristaltic movement
Sexual (some are hermaphrodites; some have separate sexes)

4. Comparing the Three Major Groups of Mollusks
MOLLUSK GROUP
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods
SHELL
Shell-less or single-shelled
Two shells held together by one or two muscles
Internal shell or no shell
FOOT
Muscular foot located on ventral side and used for movement
Burrowing species have muscular foot. Surface-dwelling species have either no foot or a “reduced” foot.
Head is attached to a single foot. The foot is divided into tentacles or arms.
EXAMPLES
Snail, slug, sea hare, nudibranch
Clam, oyster, mussel, scallop
Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus
The big picture of this unit is that increased levels of specialization have created greater efficiency in each of the more advanced phyla. With more efficiency in dealing with the essential body functions comes the ability to diversify into a much broader range of environments. For example, the poriferans and cnidarians are confined to life in the oceans and the annelids have diversified over a great range of environments from aquatic to terrestrial.
Focus on the advancements that have been made in each of the body functions.

5. Arthropods Observe the crayfish and the grasshopper
Discover as many characteristics as possible that these two organisms have in common.
Discover what characteristics are different
Create a table that compares and contrasts the crayfish and the grasshopper.

6. ARTHROPODS EXOSKELETON JOINTED APPENDAGES SEGMENTED BODIES
COMPLEX BODY SYSTEMS

7. GROWTH
In order to grow the EXOSKELETON must be shed. 
Think of the growth that has occurred in your feet.  If you didn’t get bigger shoes you would experience discomfort and growth may even be slowed. 
The discomfort that is felt in the arthropods as they grow starts the shedding process which is known as MOLTING. 
Stress causes enzymes to be produced that break down the inner layer of the exoskeleton.  The cells of the epidermis (skin) secrete a new, larger exoskeleton under the old. 
As the new exoskeleton is produced, the old breaks, and the animal crawls out of its old skin.

8. Groups of Arthropods A. Crustaceans B. Spiders and Their Relatives
1. Horseshoe Crabs
2. Spiders
3. Mites and Ticks
4. Scorpions
C.Insects and Their Relatives
1. Millipedes
2. Centipedes
TRILOBITES

9. CLASSIFICATION
Modern arthropods have arisen from 4 groups of arthropods.  These groups are now classified into 4 subphyla based on
Embryological Development
Appendages
Mouth Parts

10. SUBPHYLA NAME
EXAMPLE
APPENDAGES
MOUTH PARTS
TRILOBITA
Trilobites (extinct)
CRUSTACEA
Lobsters, Crabs, & Shrimp
Two Pairs of Branched Antennae
Mandibles
Chelicerata
Spiders, Ticks, & Mites
No Antennae
8 Legs
Chelicerae
Uniramia
Insects
Unbranched Antennae
6 Legs, 3 Segements

12. Working in a group, each group member should perform the following activity.
1.On a sheet of paper, make a sketch of an insect that you have seen around school or at home. Below your drawing, list those features that allow the insect to be successful in its habitat.
2.What features does the insect have that help it survive?
3.How many features did your group’s insects have in common? What were these features?
4.Describe the positive and negative impacts that these features have on humans.
5.What is meant by the statement, “Of all the animals, insects have had the greatest impact on the activities of this planet”?

13. Nonarthropod invertebrates
Noninsect arthropods
(12%)
Nonarthropod invertebrates
(11%)
Vertebrates (4%)
Insects
(73%)

17. A termite queen lays approximately 30,000 eggs per day
A termite queen lays approximately 30,000 eggs per day.  About 1 per second.
The World's termites outweigh the world's humans 10 to 1.
Termites eat wood twice as fast when listening to heavy metal music.
In South Africa, termites are often roasted and eaten by the handful, like pretzels or popcorn