1. Ch 24 – Section 3
“Nationalism”

2. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
Two Views of Nationalism
Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states
Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects

3. Three different types of nationalism movements:
Unification merges culturally similar lands
Separation splits off culturally distinct groups
State-building binds separate cultures into one

5. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
Austria includes people from many ethnic groups
1866 defeat forces emperor to split empire into Austria and Hungary
Still ruled by emperor

6. The Russian Empire Crumbles
After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over empire
Russification – forcing other people to adopt Russian culture
Policy further disunites Russia, strengthening ethnic nationalism

7. Nationalism Strikes Aging Empires
The Ottoman Empire Weakens
Internal tensions among ethnic groups weaken empire
Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks

8. Case Study: Italy Garibaldi Brings Unity
Guiseppe Garibaldi – leads nationalist who conquer southern Italy
Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia
Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia to rule
Control of Venetia, Papal States finally unites Italy

9. Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Garibaldi The “Sword”
Giuseppi Mazzini The “Heart”
Count Cavour The “Head”

11. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

13. Case Study: Germany Bismarck Unites Germany
Beginning in 1815, Thirty-nine German states form the German Confederation
Prussia Leads German Unification
Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany:
Mainly German population
Powerful army
Creation of liberal constitution

14. Bismarck Takes Control
Junkers – conservative wealthy landowners
Support Prussian Wilheim I
Junker realpolitik master Otto van Bismarck becomes prime minister
Realpolitik – power politics without room for idealism
Bismarck defies Russian parliament

15. Prussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces
Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia

17. Seven Weeks’ War
Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war
Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany
Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for the first time

18. The Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans
Wilheim I is crowned kaiser – emperor of a united Germany – at Versailles
Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance

22. Push-Pull Factors of Nationalism

23. Push-Pull Factors of Nationalism
When a region, empire, country has many ethnic groups who are forced to “live together” rivalries may occur
Voice in the government
“haves” vs. “have-nots” – economic strength
Prejudices, discrimination, scapegoats . . .
Can tear a region apart
Pull
When common goals are present within an ethnic group, nationalism can draw people to cooperate with each other to achieve those goals
Common threat, natural disasters

24. A Shift in Power Balance is Lost
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:
Austria
Prussia
Britain
France
Russia
By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically