1. Forces for change after 1815 Liberalism and Nationalism
Germany

2. Economic Growth
Source A: Wells, Mike. Unification of Italy and Germany Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press. P. 115
“It (Germany) had a rising population with more people living in cities. Its growing middle class was well educated…Economic growth was transforming central Germany as a whole and Prussia in particular. All these developments indicate that future changes to the Vienna settlement were likely. “

3. Economic Growth
Cities grew, populations grew, new industrial techniques, modern farming methods and new transportation methods (train, canal)
Regions experiencing rapid growth- best resources: metal ore, coal, power, markets and technical knowledge
Germany- Prussia was able to grow due to this however Austria remained agricultural and static

4. Forces For/Opposing Change
Wells,
Political, Economic, Social/Cultural
Grossdeutschland vs. Kleindeutschland

5. What was the importance of the growth of nationalism?
Germany

6. Nationalism 3 different forms:
Official organizations and supporters of greater unity
Cultural elements that brought Germany closer together
Economic factors that encouraged unification
Gymnastics Clubs (1811)
Address to the German Nation ( )
The Spirit of the Age (1806)
Anti-Semitism elements- many of the literary nationalists were appalled by revolutionary ideas from France

7. Student Nationalism
Most enthusiastic supporters were students- liberal and nationalist ideas- based on leading university towns
1817 Wartburg (Festival) Castle
Saxe-Weimar- ruled by a constitutional ruler
1819 Karl Sand assassinated August von Kotzebue (playwright- attacked nationalists and was supported by Russia))

10. Student Nationalism
This was not widespread nationalism- more student activism…however…
Metternich convinced the Bund to pass the Carlsbad Decrees (see handout)
“a word spoken by Austria is an unbreakable law for Germany”
Very successful laws- The Prussians in particular enjoyed this power over its citizens
Then came the rebellions of the 1830s

11. Student Nationalism
1830 revolution in France- triggered disturbances in Poland, Italy and Germany- constitutional demands, peasant unrest and worker discontent
,000 nationalists marched to the castle of Handbach (Bavaria)- King of Bavaria sent in the army- caused fear throughout Germany
Six articles and Ten Acts passed by Austria- supreme suppression of nationalist thoughts- even banned the ‘national flag’
The 39 states were expected to co-operate in the repression of national unrest

13. Subterranean Nationalism
After 1832 all nationalist activity took place secretly/private meetings
Disguised as Gymnastics Clubs or Musical Societies ,000 members of Gymnastics clubs
100,000 singing club members- patriotic songs- historical festivals- Arminius (Mythical leader of the German tribes that defeated the Romans)
Regardless it wasn’t until 1859 that a nationalist association (Nationalverein) existed (no leading figure like Mazzini)
Therefore nationalism took on the form of patriotic sentiment rather than a movement for nation building

14. Cultural Nationalism
More important than nationalist expression- cultural appreciation of a Germanic type
Greater awareness of “GERMAN” culture among the middle class- independent craftsmen, academics and businessmen
The peasants…didn’t flock to opera so its likely they didn’t experience any of this patriotic sentiment- no time to go on nationalist walking tours

15. German Renaissance Rediscovery of German folklore- Brothers Grimm
Literary romanticism of Goethe and Schiller
German music developed a contrasting style to Italian Opera- Wagner (old Germanic legends for inspiration)
Beethoven
German history became the standard- Von Ranke
Caspar David Friedrich

21. Prussian- Economic and Military Advancement
Germany

22. The Rise of Prussia Wells 123- 125
Answer the question based on the Wells text- What accounts (reasons or sparks) for the rise in Prussian economic and military Power?