1. Post-Classical Asia Calendar updates Test Results released later today
Essay Review – next class
China ,
China’s influence on others,
Mongols

2. Post-Classical Asia Pick up a map of southeast Asia
Get out your Chromebooks
Use one of my atlases or your computer to complete the map
Homework Page:
Sui, Tang, Song Webquest
When you’re done, read the Southernization
1. What is Southernization (no need to map it)
2. Provide 2 specific examples
3. Turn in on a separate sheet of paper

3. Han Dynasty-After the fall
The period resembled Western European history after the collapse of the Roman Empire.
China’s population is subject to taxes, warfare, drafting into army, frequent invasions, bandits…
Disunity and civil war between nomads and Chinese warlords
Rival states, dynasties, each controlling a part of the old Han state.
Aristocrats, provincial nobles held land and influence
Confucian trained bureaucrats still held much influence
Many of the northern dynasties were nomadic, both Turkish and Mongol
Confucianism was in decline, Buddhism was rising.
Many short-lived kingdoms & small dynasties 350+ yrs

4. Buddhism in China
Originates approx BCE, written scripts from 1st century BCE
600BCE-600CE - Gains popularity. Temples and statues are built throughout the classical era & along the silk road.
Growing hostility to Buddhism (w/exception)
Resistance from Taoists and Confucians
Near the end of the Tang Dynasty rulers turn against Buddhism and destroy temples and monasteries.
Governments criticism: unproductive land & untaxed
Emperor orders the closure of monasteries in 840s and redistributes land
Buddhism survives due to popular support

6. Sui Dynasty

7. SUI DYNASTY RISE: Reunification in 589
Construction of palaces and granaries, repairing the Great Wall
Military expeditions into central Asia and Korea ($$$)
The Grand Canal ($$$)
One of the world's largest waterworks before modern times
Primary Purpose: bring abundant food supplies of the south to the north
Linked the Yangtze and the Huang-He
The canal integrated the economies of the south and north
FALL:
High taxes & forced labor create hostility among the population *rebellions broke out in north China beginning in 610.
Excessive military spending
Emp. Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, ending the dynasty

8. Song Began Rice Cultivation
Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long,
linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important
water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several big rivers
and provides an important means of transportation and communication.
With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would
have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

10. THE TANG DYNASTY 618 – 907 CE
A rebel leader seized Chang'an and proclaimed a new dynasty. (mandate of heaven) China enjoyed an era of stability and prosperity – considered a golden age for China.
Extensive networks of transportation and communications
Adopted the equal-field system – land redistribution
Restored Confucianism as state ideology with some Buddhist influence.
Strong military buildup
Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the center of civilization
Diplomatic Policy – Tributary system
Re-established the safety of the Silk Road

11. Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705 Only Female Empress to rule alone
Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her Imperial court
Made major infrastructure improvements
Buddhism was favored state religion
Financed building of many Buddhist temples
BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies

12. Strengthening of Buddhism
Press block printing to facilitate dissemination of texts.
Zen Buddhism introduced
More meditative
Blending with Taoism
“Golden Age” of Buddhism
Temples and Monasteries
Own a lot of land
Land is tax exempt
What problems could this cause - Tax fraud? Leading to resentment by the secular.

13. Technological and Cultural transfers between the TANG and the ABBASIDS
751ad “Battle of Talas”
Marked the end of the Tang’s western expansion
Tang prisoners shared information and knowledge such as: Paper making, Printing, mfg. of Porcelain, and Gunpowder
John Green @5:18

14. Paper Making Began during late Han early Sui period
Block printing (full text and individual character) during Song Dynasty.

15. End of Tang Dynasty Causes of decline
Misrule
Court intrigues
Economic exploitation
Rebellions
Made it possible for northern invaders to defeat them
Next 50 years saw fragmentation of China
Five northern dynasties
Ten southern kingdoms

16. Buddhism in China, con’t
After the reign of Empress Wu there is a decline of Buddhist influence
Growth of Confucian Scholar/Gentry
Emperor WuZong (AD )
Persecution of Buddhists – Why?
Forced return of monks to civilian life
Destroyed monasteries
Redistributed land to taxable owners
Buddhism survives but never regains power or influence
Confucian system dominates until early 20th century

17. Buddhism in Tang period

18. SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.) Song Taizu Song weaknesses
Reigned C.E.
Founder of the Song dynasty
Song weaknesses
Song never had military, diplomatic strength of Sui, Tang
Financial problems
Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured surplus
Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war
Military problems
Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces
Military was largely foot soldiers at war with cavalry nomads
External pressures
Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north
Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads
The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until 1279
Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands
Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved capital
After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute

19. Song AD907 & 960 (warlords competed for power).
Liao (North)
Xi Xia (West)
Song (South)
AD Period of the “Northern Song”
AD …”Southern Song”

20. Politics – Song Dynasty
Tried to fix the mistakes of the Tang
Only civil officials could be governors
Rotated military commanders from post to post [?]
Adjusted standards to increase size of bureaucracy
Larger Bureaucracy = Greater expenses
Emperor raises taxes
Peasants revolt
Increases need for military
Military costs go up
Non-military bureaucrats leading army = disaster

21. Economic Growth – Song Dynasty
Production
Paper making advances
Book production increases
Press-block printing progresses
Deforestation in north
leads to coal extraction/production
Maritime technology advances
Gunpowder used in weaponry

22. Commerce
2/3 of wealth & population in the South
Use of paper money (“flying money”)
BIG ships used for commerce (compasses)
Primary exports
Silk, copper coins, ceramics (true, high quality porcelain)

23. Agriculture Population increase (100 million +) Improved farm tools
Advances in water control
Wider application of fertilizer
Introduction of new types of rice

24. Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
Creation of urban, merchant middle class
Neo-Confucianists wanted to purify Confucianism
Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books
Magnetic compass made China great sea power!
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

25. Song Peasant Family
Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long,
linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important
water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several big rivers
and provides an important means of transportation and communication.
With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would
have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

26. NEO-CONFUCIANISM Taoist, Buddhist Synthesis with Confucianism
Early Confucianism focused on practical issues
Politics, Public Morality, Social Relationships
Confucians drew inspiration
From Buddhism Spirituality
Logical thought
Argumentation of Buddhism
From Taoism Cosmology
Metaphysical issues: nature of soul
Man's relation with cosmos
Xenophobia Contributes, too
Invasions by nomads, Turks and Mongols threatened state
Foreign ideas began to circulate
Too many threats to society, traditions
Zhu Xi ( C.E.), most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar
Neo-Confucian influence
Adapted Buddhist, Taoist themes, reasoning to Confucian interests
Made Buddhism Chinese but stressed Chinese roots, values
Influenced East Asian thought
In China, it was an officially recognized creed
Influenced Korea, Vietnam, and Japan for half a millennium

27. TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY Porcelain Metallurgy Gunpowder Printing
High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as chinaware
Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid Arabia
Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia, India, Persia, and Africa
Metallurgy
Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron, steel
Iron production increased tenfold between the early 9th and 12th century
Gunpowder
Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang
Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive bombs
Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia
Printing
Became common during the Tang
From block-printing to movable type
Books became widespread
Naval technology
"South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass
Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments

28. A MARKET ECONOMY Merchants in Charge Financial instruments
Only period in China where merchants socially superior to aristocrats
Merchants attempted to intermarry with aristocrats, become landowners
Merchants attempted to have sons admitted as Confucian bureaucrats
Merchants tended to espouse Confucianism as way into traditional elites
Most large cities had large merchant communities
Financial instruments
Banking and credit institution
“Flying money " were letters of credit
Paper money backed by state, treasury
A cosmopolitan society
Foreign merchants in large cities of China
Mostly Arab (Muslim), Indian, S.E. Asian
Chinese merchants journeyed throughout region
Economic surge in China
An economic revolution in China
Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at time
Promoted economic growth in the eastern hemisphere

29. The Dynastic Cycle Start here
A new dynasty comes to power.
The emperor reforms the govt. & makes it more efficient.
Start here
Lives of common people improved; taxes reduced; farming encouraged.
Emperor is defeated !!
The Dynastic Cycle
Problems begin (extensive wars, invasions, etc.)
Rebel bands find strong leader who unites them. Attack the emperor.
Taxes increase; men forced to work for army. Farming neglected.
Poor loose respect for govt. They join rebels & attack landlords.
Govt. increases spending; corruption.
Droughts, floods, famines occur.