1. Environment: The Science behind the Stories
Lecture Outlines
Chapter 2
Environment: The Science behind the Stories
4th Edition
Withgott/Brennan

2. This lecture will help you understand:
The fundamentals of matter and chemistry
Energy and energy flow
Photosynthesis, respiration, and chemosynthesis
Plate tectonics and the rock cycle
Geologic hazards and ways to mitigate them

3. Notes HW Write each slide title on the left side of the paper
Summarize provided information on the right side of the paper
If there are slides with Objectives or “this lecture will help you understand” you do NOT need to write these.
Define any words or answer any questions or fill in the blanks when something appears in red.
Sometimes it is a question linked to a website you should view
Sometime there are comments written in purple. You do not need to write these. They are just my personal commentary 
Be prepared to discuss the 8 questions at the end.

4. Central Case Study: Clean green energy beneath our feet
Hot rocks deep underground turn water into steam
The Geysers: geothermal power plants in North California produce electricity for millions
Wastewater pumped into the ground replenished depleted steam
Extracting steam may cause earthquakes

5. Chemistry Chemistry? Chemistry is crucial for understanding:
How gases contribute to global climate change
How pollutants cause acid rain
The effects on health of wildlife and people
Water pollution
Wastewater treatment
Atmospheric ozone depletion
Energy issues

6. Matter, Atoms, and elements
The law of conservation of matter?
Element?
Atoms?
The atom’s nucleus (center) has ? (positively charged particles) and ? (particles lacking electric charge)
Atomic number?
? negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus

7. Chemical building blocks
Isotopes: ?
Isotopes of an element behave differently
Atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged ?

8. Radioactive decay of isotopes
Radioactive isotopes decay until they become non-radioactive stable isotopes
Emit high-energy radiation
Half-life ?
Different radioscopes have different half-lives ranging from fractions of a second to billions of years
Uranium-235, used in commercial nuclear power, has a half-life of 700 million years

9. Water’s chemistry facilitates life
Hydrogen bond = oxygen from one water molecule attracts hydrogen atoms of another
Water’s strong cohesion allows transport of nutrients and waste
Ionic bond ?
Covalent bond ?

10. Hydrogen ions determine acidity
The pH scale quantifies the acidity of solutions
Ranges from 0 to 14
? solutions: pH < 7
? solutions: pH > 7
? solutions: pH = 7
A substance with pH of 6 contains ? times as many hydrogen ions as a substance with pH of 8

11. Matter is composed of compounds
Molecules ?
Compound ?
Organic compounds ?
Such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus
Inorganic compounds ?
Polymers ?

12. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons ?
The simplest hydrocarbon is methane (natural gas)
Hydrocarbons can be a gas, liquid, or solid
Fossil fuels consist of hydrocarbons
Some can be harmful to wildlife
List 3 examples besides methane?

13. Macromolecules: building blocks of life
Macromolecules = large-sized molecules
What are the three types of polymers are essential to life?
Lipids are not polymers, but are also essential
Fats, oil, waxes

14. Proteins: long chains of amino acids
Produce tissues, provide structural support, store energy, transport material
Animals use proteins to generate skin, hair, muscles, and tendons
Some are components of the immune system or hormones
They can serve as enzymes?

15. Nucleic acids direct protein production
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) carry hereditary information of organisms
Nucleic acids ?
Genes ?

16. Carbohydrates and lipids
Sugars = simple carbohydrates of 3–7 carbons
Glucose = provides energy for cells
Complex carbohydrates build structures and store energy
Starch = stores energy in plants
Animals eat plants to get starch
Chitin = forms shells of insects and crustaceans
Cellulose = in cell walls of plants

17. We create synthetic polymers
Plastics = synthetic (human-made) polymers
Best known by their brand names (Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar)
Many are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons
Valuable because they resist chemical breakdown
But they cause long-lasting waste and pollution

18. Energy fundamentals Energy ?
Involved in physical, chemical, biological processes
Potential energy ?
Nuclear, mechanical energy
Kinetic energy ?
Thermal, light, sound, electrical, subatomic particles
Chemical energy ?

19. Energy is conserved but changes in quality
First law of thermodynamics ?
Second law of thermodynamics ?
Entropy = an increasing state of disorder
Inputting energy from outside the system increases order

20. People harness energy Energy conversion efficiency ?
Only 16% of the energy released is used to power the automobile – the rest is lost as heat
5% of a lightbulb’s energy is converted to light
Geothermal’s 7–15% efficiency is not bad

21. Using solar radiation to produce food
Autotrophs (primary producers)?
Green plants, algae, cyanobacteria, phytoplankton
Photosynthesis ?

22. Photosynthesis produces food
Chloroplasts ?
Contain chlorophyll = a light-absorbing pigment
6CO2 + 6H2O + the sun’s energy C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2

23. Cellular respiration releases chemical energy
Organisms use chemical energy from photosynthesis
Heterotrophs ?
Animals, fungi, microbes
The energy is used for cellular tasks
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + energy

24. Geothermal energy powers Earth’s systems
Other sources of energy include:
The moon’s gravitational pull
Geothermal heat powered by radioactivity
Radioisotopes deep in the planet heat inner Earth
Heated magma erupts from volcanoes
Drives plate tectonics
Warm water can create geysers

25. Geothermal energy powers biological communities
Hydrothermal vents = host communities that thrive in high temperature and pressure
Chemosynthesis ?
6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S C6H12O6 (sugar) + 3H2SO4

26. Geology Physical processes at and below the Earth: Shape the landscape
Lay the foundation for environmental systems and life
Provide energy from fossil fuels and geothermal sources

27. The Earth Core ? Molten iron in the outer core Mantle ?
Aesthenosphere: very soft or melted rock
Area of geothermal energy
Crust ?
Lithosphere ?
Plate tectonics ?

28. The Earth has 15 major tectonic plates
Movement of these plates influences climate and evolution
Yes they fit together well

29. Earth’s crust is created and destroyed
Divergent plate boundaries?
Has volcanoes and hydrothermal vents
Transform plate boundaries?
Friction spawns earthquakes along strike-slip faults

30. Tectonic plates can collide
Convergent plate boundaries ?
Subduction ?(e.x. the Cascades, Andes Mountains)
Magma erupts through the surface in volcanoes
Continental collision ?
Built the Himalaya and Appalachian Mountains 30

31. The rock cycle Rock cycle ? Rock = any solid aggregation of minerals
Rocks help determine soil characteristics 31

32. Igneous rock
Magma = molten, liquid rock
Lava ?
Igneous rock ? 32

33. Sedimentary rock
Sediments ?
Sedimentary rock ?
Sideling Hill, MD 33

34. Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock ? High temperature reshapes crystals
Marble = heated and pressurized limestone
Slate = heated and pressurized shale 34

35. Geologic and natural hazards
Some consequences of plate tectonics are hazardous
Ring of Fire?

36. Earthquakes result from movement
Can be caused by enhanced geothermal systems
Drill deep into rock, fracture it
Pump water in to heat, then extract it

37. Volcanoes
Volcano= molten rock, hot gas, or ash erupts through Earth’s surface
Cooling and creating a mountain
In rift valleys?
ocean ridges?
subduction zones, or hotspots?

38. Landslides are a form of mass wasting

39. Tsunami ?
Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides
Can travel thousands of miles across oceans
On December 26, 2004 an earthquake off Sumatra triggered a massive tsunami that hit Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and African countries
Killed 228,000 and displaced 1–2 million more

40. We can worsen impacts of natural hazards
We face and affect other natural hazards: floods, coastal erosion, wildfire, tornadoes, and hurricanes
Overpopulation: people must live in susceptible areas
We choose to live in attractive but vulnerable areas (beaches, mountains)
Engineered landscapes increase frequency or severity of hazards (damming rivers, suppressing fire, mining)
Changing climate through greenhouse gases changes rainfall patterns, increases drought, fire, flooding, storms

41. CH 2-A Distinguish between an element, ion, and isotope.
Describe the 2 major forms of energy and give 2 examples of each.
Write the First Law of thermodynamics and then compared it to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
List the 3 macromolecules essential to life.

42. CH 2-B
Describe the 3 major sources of energy that power Earth’s environmental systems.
List the reactants and products for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Describe what occurs at divergent and transform plate boundaries.
Describe the 2 different processes that can take place at convergent plate boundaries.

43. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following part of an atom has a negative charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Hydrogen

44. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following part of an atom has a negative charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Hydrogen 44

45. QUESTION: Review Ionic bonds are bonds that: a) Share electrons
b) Occur when an electron is transferred from one atom to another
c) Share electrons unequally
d) Lose an electron

46. QUESTION: Review Ionic bonds are bonds that: a) Share electrons
b) Occur when an electron is transferred from one atom to another
c) Share electrons unequally
d) Lose an electron 46

47. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following is NOT a reason water is essential for life?
a) Water can absorb large amounts of heat without changing temperature.
b) Waste and nutrients can be transported in water.
c) Ice floats on liquid water, so fish survive cold winters.
d) Water usually cannot dissolve other molecules.

48. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following is NOT a reason water is essential for life?
a) Water can absorb large amounts of heat without changing temperature.
b) Waste and nutrients can be transported in water.
c) Ice floats on liquid water, so fish survive cold winters.
d) Water usually cannot dissolve other molecules. 48

49. QUESTION: Review
Of the following macromolecules, which one is NOT a polymer?
a) Lipids
b) Proteins
c) Carbohydrates
d) Nucleic acids

50. QUESTION: Review
Of the following macromolecules, which one is NOT a polymer?
a) Lipids
b) Proteins
c) Carbohydrates
d) Nucleic acids 50

51. QUESTION: Review Sugars, starches, and glucose are all: a) Lipids
b) Proteins
c) Carbohydrates
d) Nucleic acids

52. QUESTION: Review Sugars, starches, and glucose are all: a) Lipids
b) Proteins
c) Carbohydrates
d) Nucleic acids 52

53. QUESTION: Review According to the second law of thermodynamics:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Things tend to move toward a more disorderly state.
Matter can be created, but not energy.
Kinetic energy is the most efficient source of energy.

54. QUESTION: Review According to the second law of thermodynamics:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Things tend to move toward a more disorderly state.
Matter can be created, but not energy.
Kinetic energy is the most efficient source of energy. 54

55. QUESTION: Review Which of the following organisms is an autotroph?
Deep-sea tubeworm
Horse
Pine tree
None of these

56. QUESTION: Review Which of the following organisms is an autotroph?
Deep-sea tubeworm (chemotroph)
Horse (heterotroph)
Pine tree
None of these 56

57. QUESTION: Review Which rock is formed from magma; for example, granite
and basalt?
a) Sedimentary
b) Igneous
c) Metamorphic
d) Phosphorus

58. QUESTION: Review Which rock is formed from magma; for example, granite
and basalt?
a) Sedimentary
b) Igneous
c) Metamorphic
d) Phosphorus 58

59. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
A molecule of the hydrocarbon ethane contains:
a) 10 carbon atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms
b) 8 carbon molecules and 10 hydrogen enzymes
c) Carbon and hydrogen DNA
d) Two different ions

60. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
A molecule of the hydrocarbon ethane contains:
a) 10 carbon atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms
b) 8 carbon molecules and 10 hydrogen enzymes
c) Carbon and hydrogen DNA
d) Two different ions 60

61. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
Which is the most acidic material?
a) Soft soap
b) Rainwater
c) Acid rain
d) Lemon juice

62. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
Which is the most acidic material?
a) Soft soap
b) Rainwater
c) Acid rain
d) Lemon juice 62

63. In order to make 1 plastic soda bottle, ~100L of crude oil are used, 100kg of steel, 100L of H2O, and various amounts of other materials; therefore,
A plastic bottles have high resource productivity
B plastic bottles have low material efficiency
C plastic bottles represent an efficient use of materials
D Most of the matter used to manufacture plastic bottles ends up in the bottle

64. In order to make 1 plastic soda bottle, ~100L of crude oil are used, 100kg of steel, 100L of H2O, and various amounts of other materials; therefore,
A plastic bottles have high resource productivity
B plastic bottles have low material efficiency
C plastic bottles represent an efficient use of materials
D Most of the matter used to manufacture plastic bottles ends up in the bottle

65. Which of the following is not an example of a physical change?
A confetti is cut from a piece of paper
B Water evaporates from a lake
C Ice cubes are formed in the freezer
D A plant converts CO2 into carbohydrates
E A tree is cut down

66. Which of the following is not an example of a physical change?
A confetti is cut from a piece of paper
B Water evaporates from a lake
C Ice cubes are formed in the freezer
D A plant converts CO2 into carbohydrates
E A tree is cut down

67. Of the following options to deal with nondegradable pollutants, the LEAST effective is to
A remove it from the contaminated air, water, or soil
B reuse them
C recycle them
D refrain them from introducing them into the environment

68. Of the following options to deal with nondegradable pollutants, the LEAST effective is to
A remove it from the contaminated air, water, or soil
B reuse them
C recycle them
D refrain them from introducing them into the environment

69. Energy input
A usually greater than energy output
B always greater than energy output
C always equal to energy output
D usually less than energy output
E always less than energy output

70. Energy input
A usually greater than energy output
B always greater than energy output
C always equal to energy output
D usually less than energy output
E always less than energy output

71. Which of the followings statements is true?
A Exposure of a substance to alpha, beta, or gamma radiation makes it radioactive
B all isotopes are radioactive
C radioactive isotopes give off radiation at a fixed rate
D Only naturally occurring substances are radioactive
E radioactive isotopes give off radiation at a variable rate

72. Which of the followings statements is true?
A Exposure of a substance to alpha, beta, or gamma radiation makes it radioactive
B all isotopes are radioactive
C radioactive isotopes give off radiation at a fixed rate
D Only naturally occurring substances are radioactive
E radioactive isotopes give off radiation at a variable rate

73. The Earth zone with the most volume and mass is the
Lithosphere
Core
Crust
Mantle
Oceanic crust

74. The Earth zone with the most volume and mass is the
Lithosphere
Core
Crust
Mantle
Oceanic crust

75. The energy sources primarily responsible for Earth’s external geological processes are
Energy from the sun and magnetism
Energy from the sun and gravity
Energy from the sun and heat from the Earth’s interior
Gravity and magnetism
Gravity and heat from the Earth’s interior

76. The energy sources primarily responsible for Earth’s external geological processes are
Energy from the sun and magnetism
Energy from the sun and gravity
Energy from the sun and heat from the Earth’s interior
Gravity and magnetism
Gravity and heat from the Earth’s interior

77. The type of rock that covers most of Earth’s land surface is
Metamorphic
Igneous
Sedimentary
Gemstones
Plasticized

78. The type of rock that covers most of Earth’s land surface is
Metamorphic
Igneous
Sedimentary
Gemstones
Plasticized

79. Tectonic plates move apart in opposite directions at a
Transform fault
Divergent plate boundary
Convergent plate boundary
Subduction zone
Lithosphere fault

80. Tectonic plates move apart in opposite directions at a
Transform fault
Divergent plate boundary
Convergent plate boundary
Subduction zone
Lithosphere fault

81. A We cannot throw anything away because there is no “away”
All of the following statements can be concluded from the law of conservation of matter except
A We cannot throw anything away because there is no “away”
B There will always be pollution of some sort
C We will eventually run out of matter if we keep consuming it at current rates
D Everything must go somewhere
E We do consume matter
Copyright C Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

82. All of the following statements can be concluded from the law of conservation of matter except
A We cannot throw anything away because there is no “away”
B There will always be pollution of some sort
C We will eventually run out of matter if we keep consuming it at current rates
D Everything must go somewhere
E We do consume matter

83. A B C D E
Place the letters in the appropriate order to match the proper pH of the following liquids:
____
Lemon juice
Ammonia
Distilled water
highly acidic rainfall
Normal rainfall

84. A B C D E
Place the letters in the appropriate order to match the proper pH of the following liquids: A E D B C
Lemon juice
Ammonia
Distilled water
highly acidic rainfall
Normal rainfall