1. Types of epithelia. Glandular epithelium
Dr. Károly Altdorfer

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7. Basic tissues

8. Organs (stomach, eyeball)  Tissues (epithelia, …)  Cells

9. Hematoxylin-eosin (H-E)
Stainings:
Most common:
Hematoxylin-eosin (H-E)
Blue (basophil)
Red (acidophil, eosinophil)

10. Epithelial tissue is composed of tightly packed cells.
Types of epithelia
Covering epithelia
Glandular epithelia
Pigment epithelia
Sensory epithelia
(Myoepithelium)

11. Covering epithelia
Glandular epithelia
Pigment epithelia
Sensory epithelia
(Myoepithelium)
Epithelial tissue
Functions of epithelial cells:
-protection of the internal environment (mechanical+biological)
-resorption, excretion of materials
-secretion
-sensory function
-(contraction)

12. 1. Covering epithelia
1. Cells are closely packed
2. junctional complexes beetween the cells
3. covers or lines all internal and external body surfaces
4. basement membrane separates it from the underlying tissues
Basal membrane = basal lamina + fibroreticular lamina
(Light microscope electrone microscope)

13. Types of covering epithelium
1. simple epithelia 
2. stratified
epithelia:

14. 2. Glandular epithelium EPITHELIAL SPECIALISATION FOR SECRETION
MICROSCOPIC, PART OF AN ORGAN OR
AN ORGAN BY ITSELF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE FRAMEWORK

15. GLANDULAR EPITHELIA Exocrine glands Endocrine glands
Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland
Endocrine glands
Release hormones into surrounding fluid (blood flow)
A PATCH OF EPITHELIAL CELLS (INTERNAL SURFACE)
OR A DOWNGROWTH THAT PROLIFERATES (EXTERNAL SURFACE)

16. MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES MULTICELLULAR UNICELLULAR
Organs containing glandular epithelium
(large glands, crypts)
UNICELLULAR
Individual secretory cells
(goblet cells)
TUBULO- ACINAR
TUBULO- ALVEOLAR
TUBULAR
ALVEOLAR
SIMPLE
BRANCHING
COMPOUND

17. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SECRETIONAL TYPES
merokrine
apokrine
holokrine

18. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
SECRETIONAL TYPES
Merocrine (product released through exocytosis) Cells of the gland are unaltered
Ex: Eccrine sweat glands, salivary glands
Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm)
Ex: Mammary gland, (prostate), scent glands
Holocrine (destroys the whole cell)
Ex: Sebaceous glands

19. MECHANISMS OF GLANDULAR SECRETION

20. SEROUS AND MUCOUS ACINI
Merokrine secretion:
SEROUS AND MUCOUS ACINI
THE CELL'S PRODUCT
SEROUS, LIKE SERUM - CLEAR, WATERY SOLUTION OF ENZYMES
MUCOUS, LIKE MUCUS - GLYCOPROTEIN MIXTURE
MIXED glands (most salivary glands) contain both types of cells
(many serous demilunes)
SEROUS glands (e.g., parotid gland or pancreas)
MUCOUS glands (e.g., Brunner's glands)

21. Merokrine secretion SEROUS SECRETORY CELLS
TYPICAL ACINUS (UNIT)
TUBULOALVEOLAR
small lumen round nuclei
basophil cytoplasm
THE CYTOPLASM IS POLARIZED
BASAL CYTOPLASM – basophilic due to protein synthetic organelles (ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum)
APICAL CYTOPLASM - variously-staining secretory vesicles (zymogen granules)
The Golgi apparatus is usually located
midway along the cell, typically in
a supranuclear position.

22. SEROUS SECRETORY CELLS
TYPICAL ACINUS (UNIT) in a sweat gland
COILED TUBULAR
wide lumen round nuclei well stained cytoplasm
THE CYTOPLASM IS POLARIZED
Long excretory portion
Opens onto the external surface

23. MUCOUS SECRETORY CELLS
Merokrine secretion:
MUCOUS SECRETORY CELLS
TYPICAL ACINUS (UNIT)
wide lumen
flat nuclei
poorly stained cytoplasm (foamy appearance)
THE CYTOPLASM IS POLARIZED
MUCOUS CELLS - "empty" appearance
BASAL CYTOPLASM – nucleus and rest of cell organelles
MIDDLE and APICAL CYTOPLASM – large secretory granules
Mucus does not stain well with standard dyes,
but is demonstrated with the Periodic Acid Shiff procedure
(PAS stain).

24. UNICELLULAR (MUCOUS) GLAND
GOBLET CELLS : scattered among enterocytes within the epithelium of the
small intestine and colon, respiratory and reproductive tracts.  They secrete MUCUS, which facilitates passage of material.  
The proportion of goblet cells to absorptive cells increases along the entire length of the bowel, with relatively few in the duodenum and very many in the colon.  

26. APOCRINE SECRETION 1. MAMMARY GLAND PROSTATE NON-LACTATING
TYPICAL ACINUS (UNIT)
wide lumen
oval nuclei
light staining in cytoplasm
MAMMARY GLAND
NON-LACTATING
THE CYTOPLASM IS POLARIZED
APOCRINE CELLS - irregular height
(torn luminal surface)
BASAL CYTOPLASM –
nucleus + cell organelles
MIDDLE
and
APICAL CYTOPLASM –
large secretory granules
(extreme exocytotic
procedure- the upper part
maybe missing)
PROSTATE
PSEUDO-APOCRINE
LACTATING

27. APOCRINE SECRETION 2. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS open into hair follicles
FOUND: axillae, perineum, and areolae mammae
(phylogenetic remnant of the mammalian sexual scent gland; the sweat is initially odorless upon production. It is only after skin's bacteria has acted upon the apocrine sweat that it develops an odor)

28. HOLOCRINE SECRETION THE CYTOPLASM IS NOT POLARIZED
TYPICAL ACINUS (UNIT) no lumen
round nuclei
light / no staining in cytoplasm
THE CYTOPLASM IS NOT POLARIZED
HOLOCRINE CELLS - gradually age
and die
cells with lipid-filled vacuoles
short duct empties into hair follicle
Associated with hair follicles in hair covered areas
Independent of hair follicles at mucosal margins
(lips, eyelids, penis, labia minora, nipples)
Secretes oily substance (sebum) onto hair to waterproof hair and skin

29. STRUCTURES AIDING SECRETION
MYOEPITHELIAL
MUSCLE BUNDLES
MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS
ACTIN STAINING